• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2015

The early-phase naval ship design demands requirements synthesis rather than design synthesis, which conducts engineering design for several domains on a detailed level. Requirements synthesis focuses on creating a balanced set of required operational capabilities satisfying user's needs and concept of operations. Requirements are evolved from capability based languages to function based language by statistical exploration and engineering design which are derived in the following order: concept alternative, concept baseline, initial baseline and functional baseline. The early-phase naval ship design process can be divided into three passes: concept definition, concept exploration and concept development. Main activities and outcomes in each pass are shortly presented. Concept definition is the first important step that produces a concept baseline through extensive design space exploration promptly. Design space exploration applies a statistical approach to explore design trends of existing ships and produce feasible design range corresponding to concept alternative. It further helps naval systems engineers and operational researchers by inducing useful responses to user and stakeholders' questions at a sufficient degree of confidence and success in the very early ship design. The focus of this paper is on the flow of design space exploration, and its application to a high-speed patrol craft. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy or rule of the Navy.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 2020

The progenitor of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is mainly believed to be a carbon/oxygen white dwarf (WD) with non-degenerate (single degenerate) or another WD companion (double degenerate). However, there is little observational evidence of their progenitor system. Recent studies suggest that shock-breakout cooling emission after the explosion can constrain the size of the progenitor system. To do so, we obtained a optical/Near-IR light curve of SN 2019ein, a normal but slightly sub-luminous type Ia supernova, from the very early phase using our high-cadence observation of Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies (IMSNG). Assuming the expanding fireball model, the simple power-law fitting of the early part of the light curve gives power indices of 1.91 (B) and 2.09 (R) implying radioactive decay of 56Ni is the dominant energy source. By comparison with the expected light curve of the cooling emission, the early observation provides us an upper limit of the companion size of R∗≤1R⊙. This result suggests that we can exclude a large companion such as red giants, which is consistent with the previous study.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2000

One hundred & seventy four consecutive free-flap transfers were reviewed to analyze distribution of the type of reconstructions, kinds of donor flaps as well incidence of complications. The role of emergent exploration and the effect of preoperative wound conditions in flap survival were evaluated. Free flap transfer for head and neck reconstruction was most common as 93 cases, followed by for upper extremity of 30 cases, for lower extremity 30 cases, 18 penile reconstructions and for trunk & breast 3 cases. Nine flaps exhibited signs of ciruclatory insufficiency between 5 hours and 7 days. Three were managed conservatively with ultimate partial necrosis of the flaps. Eight flaps required return to the operating room. On exploration, early arterial occlusion was revealed in 1 flap, late arterial occlusion in 2 flaps, early venous occlusion in 1 flap, late venous thrombosis in 2 flaps, prolonged venous spasm in 1 and hematoma in 1 flap. The average time from the first abnormal examination to exploration was 2.6 hours. There were no false-positive explorations. Four free flaps failed in spite of the correction of the cause of circulatory compromise. The remaining 4 flaps were salvaged following the correction the casuse. Recipient vessel problems such as irradiation and infection were the most common cause of circulatory crisis. Among the eight flaps requiring return to the operating room, single vein was anastomosed in three flaps and two veins in the remaining five. In the totally failed four flaps only single vein was anastomosed in three cases. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of clinical monitoring and the role of early exploration. Precautious selection of recipient vessels and two vein anastomosis are recommended for safe and better prognosis.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2008

This study is investigating the perceptions of early childhood teachers on early childhood music activity. The subjects are early childhood teachers(N=217) working at kindergartens and day care centers in Jeonbuk Province. The data were collected from a questionnaire and analyzed with the tests of frequency, Cronbach's $\alpha$, t-test, ANOVA and Duncan. The results are as follow: first, the early childhood teachers are being aware of importance of infant music activity in the order of "aesthetic exploration", "artistic expression", and "art appreciation". Second, according to teachers' working place, the teachers have no differences of perception in early childhood music activities, while, according to children's age in the class which the teachers are taking charge of, they show differences of perception in the activities of "exploring movements " and "respect for artistic expression". Third, according to the early childhood teacher's career, they have difference of perception in "singing" activity only, while according to their education level, they have no differences of perception in all music activities. According to teachers' age, they have differences of perception in the activities of "aesthetic exploration", "exploring sound", and "singing".

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.36.2-36.2
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• 2018

Cosmic reionization era in the early universe was playing a leading part on making the present universe we know. However, we have not been able to reveal the main contributor to the cosmic reionization to date. Faint quasars have been mentioned as the alternative due to the uncertainty of the faint end slope of the quasars luminosity function. With the availability of the deep (~25mag) images from Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Strategic Program survey, we have tried to find more quasar with low luminosity in the ELAIS-N1 field. Faint quasar candidates were selected from several multi-band color cut criteria based on the track of the simulated quasar at z ~ 5. The Infrared Medium-deep Survey (IMS) and The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) - Deep Extragalactic Survey (DXS) provide J band information which is used to cover the relatively long wavelength range of quasar spectra. To search the reliable candidates with possible Lyman break, medium-band observation was performed by the SED camera for QUasars in EArly uNiverse(SQUEAN) in the McDonald observatory and Seoul National University 4k Camera(SNUCAM) in the Maidanak observatory. Photometric redshifts of the observed candidates were estimated from chi-square minimization. Also, we predicted the importance of the faint quasar to the cosmic reionization from the expected number density of the faint quasar.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2024

Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) is South Korea's first space exploration mission, developed by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute. It aims to develop technologies for lunar exploration, explore lunar science, and test new technologies. KPLO was launched on August 5, 2022, by a Falcon-9 launch vehicle from cape canaveral space force station (CCSFS) in the United States and placed on a ballistic lunar transfer (BLT) trajectory. A total of four trajectory correction maneuvers were performed during the approximately 4.5-month trans-lunar cruise phase to reach the Moon. Starting with the first lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver on December 16, the spacecraft performed a total of three maneuvers before arriving at the lunar mission orbit, at an altitude of 100 kilometers, on December 27, 2022. After entering lunar orbit, the commissioning phase validated the operation of the mission mode, in which the payload is oriented toward the center of the Moon. After completing about one month of commissioning, normal mission operations began, and each payload successfully performed its planned mission. All of the spacecraft operations that KPLO performs from launch to normal operations were designed through the system operations design process. This includes operations that are automatically initiated post-separation from the launch vehicle, as well as those in lunar transfer orbit and lunar mission orbit. Key operational procedures such as the spacecraft's initial checkout, trajectory correction maneuvers, LOI, and commissioning were developed during the early operation preparation phase. These procedures were executed effectively during both the early and normal operation phases. The successful execution of these operations confirms the robust verification of the system operation.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.44.3-45
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• 2017

To date, luminous quasars at z ~ 6 have been found to be in maximal accretion with the Eddington ratios, ${\lambda}Edd$ ~ 1, suggesting enhanced nuclear activities in the early universe. However, this may not be the whole picture of supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth since previous studies have not reached on faint quasars that are more likely to harbor SMBHs with low ${\lambda}Edd$. To understand the accretion activities in quasars at high redshift, we obtained the deep near-infrared (NIR) spectrum of a quasar, IMS J2204+0112, one of the few faintest quasars that have been identified at z ~ 6. From the NIR spectrum, we find that IMS J2204+0112 harbors a SMBH with about a billion solar mass, with ${\log}({\lambda}Edd)=-0.91$. This is the lowest accretion rate found so far for quasars at z ~ 6, but a common value among quasars at z ~ 2. The inclusion of this object in the ${\lambda}Edd$ analysis gives the intrinsic ${\lambda}Edd$ distribution of z ~ 6 quasars, which is lower than previous results that are based on bright quasars, but it is still higher than ${\lambda}Edd$ of z ~ 2 quasars. Although the number statistics needs to be improved in future, the low peak ${\lambda}Edd$ value is consistent with the SMBH growth from a massive black hole seed (~ 105 Msun) or from a stellar mass black hole through short-duration super-Eddington accretion events (${\lambda}Edd$ > 10).

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31.2-31.2
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• 2018

The progenitor star properties of supernovae (SNe) are not fully understood though a large number of SNe have been discovered so far. One of the promising ways to understand the properties of progenitor stars is to study SN early light curve where the shock heated emission after explosion is imprinted in. We have performed Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies (IMSNG) using a global network of telescopes with the aim to snatch the very early moments of SNe explosion. As one of the fruits of our project, we present the result on the type Ic SN, SN 2017ein which was discovered at 2017 May 25 in NGC 3938. We will present the physical properties of the type Ic SN progenitor star that are obtained from the analysis of early epoch data.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.59.4-60
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• 2018

To investigate the impact of the high-redshift quasars on cosmic reionization, the faint end slope of the quasars luminosity function has to be determined precisely. More quasars with low luminosity are needed to constrain the contribution to reionization in the early universe. However, finding these quasars has been regarded as tough process owing to the improper shallow depth of imaging data. In recent days, the release data of Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Strategic Program survey which provide the deep images reaching ~ 25 mag facilitates searching the faint quasars candidates. To find faint quasar candidates in ELAIS-N1 field, along with the HSC data, two near-infrared (NIR) data sets also be used : The Infrared Medium-deep Survey (IMS) and The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) - Deep Extragalactic Survey (DXS). Quasar candidates selected from the multi-band color cut were observed by the SED camera for QUasars in EArly uNiverse (SQUEAN) instrument. To trace the redshifted Lyman break efficiently, appropriate medium bands comparable to targeted redshift range are chosen. The most reliable quasar candidates are finally determined through SED fitting. Using this less luminous quasars candidates, we can speculate the relation between the quasar growth and the host galaxy unbiasedly and estimate the contribution to the cosmic reionization.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-188
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• 2000

The level of representation, exploration and artistry by age and sex was examined in twenty children in each of 4-, 5-, and 6-year old groups attending an early education facility in Pundang City, Kyong'gi Province. Evaluation was by the scoring system used in the Project Spetrum(Krechevsky, 1994) with children's drawings of an animal, person, imaginary animal and 3D work with clay. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Duncan test. The level of representation was lower than exploration and artistry in the 4-year-old groups. Level of artistry was lower than representation and exploration in the 5-and 6-year-old groups. The older children and girls showed higher scores than the younger children and boys in representation and exploration. There were differences between 4-and 5-year old children in artistry development.