• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.474-485
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants and elements to enhance Korean international competitiveness, employing Porter's(1998) Diamond Model. Half of the 500 leading apparel exporters that were members of the Korea Apparel Industry Association in 2003 were selected as the target of this research. From May to June of 2003, survey questionnaires were sent to executives of these 250 companies in person or by telephone, e-mail, or fax. Seventy questionnaires were used for the final data anlysis. The items used were Reliability, Categorical Regression, and Frequency, using SPSS 11.5. The results were as follows: First, as a result of analyzing the influence of international competitiveness in Korean apparel industry, the firm's strategy, structure, and rivalry was the most influential factor. Others were related and supporting industries, government, chance, demand conditions, and factor conditions. Also, the elements that affect Korean international competitiveness were listed as the level of price competition in foreign markets, the level of labor cost, export marketing capacity, and exchange fluctuation. The most important element to improve the international competitiveness of the Korean apparel industry was a demand growth rate of the overseas markets(Demand Conditions), followed by the level of the labor costs(Factor Conditions), the capability of internationalization(Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry), the change of currency(Chance), the quality and management of products(Demand Conditions), the capability of planning products(Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry), free trade from 2005(Chance), and global sourcing strategy(Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry). Korea's main rival country in apparel related and supporting industry factors is China. However, Korea has a higher level of technology development, quality, and price level than China.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.272-276
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• 2016

To investigate the optimum x-ray tube design for the dental radiology, factors affecting x-ray beam characteristics such as tungsten target thickness and anode angle were evaluated. Another goal of the study was to addresses the anode heel effect and off-axis spectra for different target angles. MCNPX has been utilized to simulate the diagnostic x-ray tube with the aim of predicting optimum target angle and angular distribution of x-ray intensity around the x-ray target. For simulation of x-ray spectra, MCNPX was run in photon and electron using default values for PHYS:P and PHYS:E cards to enable full electron and photon transport. The x-ray tube consists of an evacuated 1 mm alumina envelope containing a tungsten anode embedded in a copper part. The envelope is encased in lead shield with an opening window. MCNPX simulations were run for x-ray tube potentials of 70 kV. A monoenergetic electron source at the distance of 2 cm from the anode surface was considered. The electron beam diameter was 0.3 mm striking on the focal spot. In this work, the optimum thickness of tungsten target was $3{\mu}m$ for the 70 kV electron potential. To determine the angle with the highest photon intensity per initial electron striking on the target, the x-ray intensity per initial electron was calculated for different tungsten target angles. The optimum anode angle based only on x-ray beam flatness was 35 degree. It should be mentioned that there is a considerable trade-off between anode angle which determines the focal spot size and geometric penumbra. The optimized thickness of a target material was calculated to maximize the x-ray intensity produced from a tungsten target materials for a 70 keV electron energy. Our results also showed that the anode angle has an influencing effect on heel effect and beam intensity across the beam.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2018

Purpose - This study is to investigate the effects of consumption motives of restaurant customers on the perception of the importance of restaurant attributes, and to determine the influence of the consumption motives on the empirical and functional attributes between Vietnam and Korea. Research design, data, and methodology - Questionnaire items from previous studies were revised to fit the research purpose of the present study. From August 1 to August 25, 2017, questionnaires were simultaneously administered in Korea and Vietnam using both on-line and off-line survey methods (including SNS and e-mail). With 381 surveyed questionnaires in Vietnam(219) and Korea(162), this study was conducted by using SPSS 22.0 to verify the reliability and validity of the measured variables. Structural equation model (SEM) was employed as a statistical method for the hypotheses test of this study. Results - The results showed that hedonic eating-out motive has more influence on the importance of empirical attribute than that of functional attribute in restaurant. In addition, utilitarian eating-out motive has more influence on functional attributes than empirical attributes. However, these relationships showed the difference between countries in Vietnam and Korea. As for in Korea, consumers' hedonic and utilitarian motives of eating-out were more influential on experimental and functional attributes. Conclusions - This study analyzed the influence on the importance of the eating-out motives of restaurant attributes and how this differed between Vietnamese and Korean.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.40
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• pp.3-30
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• 2008

This article attempts to describe and analyze the rules on the buyer's remedies for lack of conformity under PELS. It shows that such remedies under the PELS operate in a two-tier remedial scheme which is alien to both domestic and international legal systems. That is, repair and replacement take the position of primary remedy, whereas termination, price reduction and damages are secondary remedies which are available only where the primary remedies cannot be invoked. Notwithstanding its superiority, the PELS have some drawbacks in several aspects. First, the PELS seems to place its focus on the factor of cost except the other factors, for instance, the significance of the lack of conformity, when one decides whether the first tier remedies cause the seller unreasonable effort or expense. It is argued that the factors can be considered by referring to art. 1:302 PECL. Second, the PELS does not expressively provide any exclusion of the seller's right to choose between repair or replacement on the basis of unreasonable uncertainty in reimbursing the expenses advanced by the buyer. It argues that if there is such uncertainty, it should be regarded as causing the buyer an unreasonable inconvenience under art. 4:204(1). Third, the PELS does not seem to properly reflect the consumer's interests in that most consumers prefer to have the absolute right of termination as against the commercial sellers who have a relatively stronger bargaining position. The reasons for that is that there is a big hurdle, i.e., a hierarchy of remedies, to be overcome by the consumer to battle with the commercial seller, and that unavoidable vagueness in defining a minor lack of conformity has been often used against the consumer, but in favour of the commercial seller with a strong bargaining position.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.568-572
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• 2015

Acetes chinensis is an economically important shrimp that belongs to the Sergestidae family; following fermentation, A. chinensis' economic value, however, is low in China, and much of the catch in China is exported to Korea at a low price, thus leading to potential false labeling. For this reason, we developed a simple method to identify A. chinensis' origin using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from partial (i.e., 570 bp) DNA sequence analysis of the mitochondrial 16s rRNA gene in 96 Korean and 96 Chinese individual shrimp. Among 10 SNP sites, four sites were observed in populations from both countries, and two sites located in the middle with SNP sites at their 3'-ends were used to design allele-specific primers. Among the eight internal primers, the C220F primer specific to the Chinese A. chinensis population amplified a DNA fragment of 364 bp only from that population. We were able to identify the A. chinensis population origin with 100% accuracy using multiplex PCR performed with two external primers and C220F primers. These results show that the 16S rRNA gene that is generally used for the identification of species can be used for the identification of the origin within species of A. chinensis, which is an important finding for the fair trade of the species between Korea and China.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.897-904
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• 2006

The eastern coast of northeastern Brazil (NEB), a coastal land-strip up to 300 km wide and stretching out from Rio Grande do Norte $(5^{\circ}S)$ State down to the south of Bahia State $(17^{\circ}S)$, experiences different rain producing systems, such as distrubances in the south-east trade winds, frontal systems penetration, land-sea breeze circulation and local convection associated with the topography and moisture flux convergence. The annual total rainfall ranges from 600 inland to 3000 mm on the coast. Rainfall totals 5 to 12 times the focal climatic means were recorded in various regions of Alagoas state in January 2004. It was estimated that 46,000 people were homeless, with material damages exceeding US$10 million as a consequence of the ensuing floods. GOES infrared images analysis showed that the main weather system responsible for this anomalously high rainfall totals was an Upper Troposphere Cyclonic Vortex (UTCV), which formed at about a $27^{\underline{\circ}}W\;e\;12^{\underline{\circ}}S$ and remained active for the entire month of January over NEB.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2011

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Kra-Araks Basin (KAB) became an international river basin with respect to the South Caucasus states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. However, there are no agreements regarding water allocation, water quality, or ecosystem maintenance among the aforementioned riparians. The main water problems in the basin include not only water quantity and quality, but also the lack of joint management. The aforementioned countries share many similar circumstances: location in a politically unstable but strategic region bureaucratic and structural issues; and more importantly, ongoing ethnic and related conflicts. Despite these obstacles, the countries recognize that they depend greatly on the basin, whose waters they must share. To that end, they proposed and participated in the joint NATO-OSCE South Caucasus River Monitoring (SCRMP) project between 2002 and 2009.The SCRMP sought to investigate and characterize the surface water quality in the KAB by providing equipment and training to all three countries. Several years' worth of water quality data were collected in the KAB: major ions; heavy metals; POPs (persistent organic pollutants); and radionuclides; The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (primary funder) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europesupported the SCRMP not only to build capacity but also to promote cooperation and minimize conflict over water and other resources, thus providing a measure of security for Europe and other regions. The South Caucasus is a strategically-important region, functioning as a bridge between Asia and Europe. Energy-rich Azerbaijan seeks to become a key player in trade by serving as a transportation and energy hub between the energy and mineral-rich Central Asian KUT countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) and Western Asia, Europe, and other areas. The presentation will summarize the scientific results of the SCRMP, elucidate the regional water-energy-security nexus, discuss future work in the region, and explain why the world needs to be concerned about the KAB and the entire South Caucasus.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.130-141
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• 2020

The drone market in Korea is growing with a focus on the use of prevention, defense, exploration and surveying, search and rescue, video shooting, and facility management. However, the foreign dependence on drone's core technologies and components is high. Drone-powered countries such as the US and China are expanding the weaponization of drones, which can intensify trade wars between countries, such as strengthening import and export regulations and monopoly. Therefore, Korea should put R & D and localization of core technology, parts, and accessories of next generation drone first. For this, policy research and investment in infrastructure, equipment, and research personnel should be preceded. This study studied the evaluation of investment priorities by infrastructure sector (facility equipment, utilization field, and demand manpower) to foster small drone companies through literature studies. To this end, we expanded and reclassified e isting research, developed investment prioritization indicators through expert group interviews and reviews, derived future uncertainties, and selected investment priorities by infrastructure sector using AHP techniques. Finally, it proposed an infrastructure construction strategy to foster small drone companies in terms of drone development support, utilization support.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.62-72
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to discuss new entrants' role in a business ecosystem and to analyze growth strategies of a new entrant in the movie industry. When participants of a business ecosystem complement one another with their own unique capabilities, they can coevolve and develop the business ecosystem. Especially, new entrants armed with competitive advantages are the key success factor for improving robustness of business ecosystem. Korean movie industry is dominated by a few large enterprises and thereby threatening fair trade. In an effort to encourage new entrants in the industry, this study analyzed success factors of a film distributor, Next Entertainment World(NEW). The success factors include unique criteria in selecting scenarios, quality management, rapid decision making process, and competent management team. Implications for the results and the future study are discussed.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.17
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• pp.7-35
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• 2002

In many international financing transactions Korean companies are required to issue a guarantee. Thus far, however, legal issues on international guarantees have not been fully discussed in Korea. This is partly because most of the international guarantees are governed by a foreign law such as English law or the laws of the State of New York. In this articles the author examines major concepts or terms and conditions of a typical international guarantee, e.g., language on consideration, primary obligor, joint and several guarantee, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee, continuing guarantee, right of subrogation, representations and warranties, covenant or undertaking, currency indemnity, assignment, participation, governing law and jurisdiction clause, etc. For reference, standard forms of a guarantee and a standby letter of credit are attached to the article. In examining the terms and conditions, the author compares them with similar or equivalent concepts under Korean law. The author further discusses some Korean law issues that may arise under international guarantees governed by a foreign law. These issues include the application of the ultra vires doctrine under Article 34 of the Civil Code of Korea, the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean company has issued in violation of the guarantee ceiling set under Article 10 of the Law on Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade of Korea and the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean party has issued in violation of the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law. In addition, the author discusses some issues under a so-called independent guarantee and a standby letter of credit. In this regard, reference is made to the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG), International Standby Practices (ISP98) and the Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit adopted by the United Nations in 1995. Finally, the author examines major terms and conditions of typical comfort letters and discusses some legal issues, such as the binding force of the comfort letter. In dealing with the issues the author underscores that to the extent the issues are not properly dealt with by an international norm such as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits or ISP 98, the issues must be analyzed by reference to the governing law of the relevant instrument.