• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.403-411
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• 2003

For evaluating the effect of Siegesbeckiae Herba (here after abbreviated as SBH) on rheumatoid arthritis, the experiment was carried out; Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis, IRA(indices of rheumatoid arthritis), immunophenotypes by flow cytometer and histopathological changes in MRL/MpJ-Ipr-Ipr Mice in vivo were studied. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Incidence of RA in MRL/Ipr mice was suppressed to 60% of control by SBH. 2. IRA was significantly reduced for IgG3 and IgM at 20 weeks of age and for IgG2b at 12 and 20 weeks of age in mice by SBH compared with control. 3. Immunophenotypes such as CD4/sup +//CD25/sup +/, CD8/sup +//CD3e/sup +/, CD69/sup +//B220/sup +/, NK/sup +//CD3e/sup +/ were significantly increased by SBH compared with control. 4. In histopathological analysis, SBH suppressed the progression of PMN(polymorphonuciear leukocyte), leukocyte and fibroblast infiltration, and subsynovial soft tissue edema frequently showing in the early stage of the arthritis, and also effectively reduced the degeneration of cartilages and degenerative bone symptoms. These results suggest Siegesbeckiae Herba can be effectively applied to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and it is still necessary to isolate effective compound from Siegesbeckiae Herba in the near future.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.195-212
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• 2005

International trade has been changed from traditional trade to e-trade due to the fast expanding of information technology like e-marketplace, EDI (Electronic data interchange) using Internet since mid of 1990's. e-Trade, as a new trade method, could handle every trade procedure such as market research, contract, customs clearance, logistics and payment using IT like internet without restriction of time and space. The evolution of transaction-based business model is upon us. The business models of many e-Marketplace in their early stages have typically been based on transaction fees. Many e-Marketplaces have even called out transaction revenues as a core element of their business plans. The transaction business represents the most simple of business models, but it does not provide a long-term sustain able advantage. For buyer's convenience, wide selection and test price hold appeal. For suppliers, the extended global market reach and direct access to customers and consortiums of customers is powerful. To maximize leverage of these new e-marketplace, you must from both a buyer perspective as well as a supplier perspective. Also required is a strategy that takes in account all of the various e-Marketplace transaction standards and one that allows the easy accomodation to new e-marketplace as the market change. These new e-marketplace will need to be factored into the sales channel strategies. To be successful, integration with these e-marketplaces should occur at a complete business process level. This study would suggest on the role of buyers and sellers for e-trade which could maximize effect of e-trade in order to cope with rapid changing IT environment and global trade environment. Therefore, this study suggests top priority tasks for implementing on the specialization strategy of e-trade process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 1999

Whole lupinus albus seeds were pressure toasted at temperatures of 100, 118 and $136^{\circ}C$ for 3, 7, 15 and 30 min to study rumen degradation and post-rumen digestion and to determine optimal heating conditions for the Dutch dairy feed industry. In sacco nylon bag and mobile bag techniques were employed for rumen and intestine incubations to determine ruminal degradation characteristics and intestinal digestion of crude protein (CP) in 4 lactation rumen cannulated and 4 lactating intestinal cannulated Dutch dairy cows fed 47% hay and 53% concentrate according to Dutch dairy requirements. Measured rumen degradation characteristics were soluble fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), potentially degradable fraction (D), lag time (T0) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Percentage bypass feed protein (BCP), ruminal microbial protein synthesized based on available nitrogen (N_MP) and that based on available energy (E_MP), true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI), truly absorbed BCP (ABCP), absorbed microbial protein (AVP) in the small intestine, endogenous protein losses in the digestion (ENDP), true digested protein in the small intestine (TAP or DVE in Dutch) and degraded protein balance (PDB or OEB in Dutch) were totally evaluated using the new Dutch DVE/OEB System. Pressure toasting decreased (p<0.001) rumen degradability of CP. It reduced S (p<0.05) and Kd (p=0.06), increased D (p<0.05) and U (p<0.01) but did not alter T0 (p>0.05), thus resulting in dramatically increased BCP (p<0.001) with increasing time and temperature from 73.7 (raw) up to 182.5 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Although rumen microbial protein synthesized based on available energy (E_MP) was reduced, true protein (microbial and bypass feed protein) supplied to the small intestine (TPSI) was increased (p<0.001) from 153.1 (raw) to 247.6 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Due to digestibility of BCP in the intestine not changing (p>0.05) average 87.8%, the absorbed BCP increased (p<0.001) from 62.3 (raw) to 153.7 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). Therefore DVE value of true digested protein in the small intestine was significantly increased (p<0.001) from 118.9 (raw) to 197.0 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$) and OEB value of degraded protein balance was significantly reduced (p<0.001) from 147.2 (raw) to 63.1 g/kg DM ($136^{\circ}C/15min$). It was concluded that pressure toasting was effective in shifting degradation of CP of lupinus albus from the rumen to small intestine without changing intestinal digestion. Further studies are required on the degradation and digestion of individual amino acids and on the damaging effects of processing on amino acids, especially the first limiting amino acids.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2005

Purpose : We investigated the clinical manifestations, radiographic and laboratory findings of children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia(MP) according to their age. Methods : A total of 75 children with MP who admitted to The Catholic University, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital from July 2003 to February 2004, were classified into the three age groups : the ${\leq}2$ years of age(16 children), the children between 3 and 5 years of age(35 children), and the ${\geq}6$ years and older(24 patients). The diagnosis of MP was depended on the titers of anti-mycoplasma antibody that were measured 2 times, at admission and at discharge. Results : The total duration of the fever and the length of hospitalization were not different among the age groups. Although the white blood cell(WBC) value and differential was significantly different between the groups(P<0.01), a similar number in the WBC and reduced lymphocyte proportion was observed in all age groups compared to age-matched references. The patterns of pneumonia were significantly different according to age, i.e. segmental or lobar patterns were observed in 5 cases(31.3%) in the ${\leq}2$ years old group, but 16 cases(66.6%) in the >6 years old group(P<0.01). Conclusion : Although there was no difference in clinical findings according to age in MP, the radiographic finding was more severe in older children.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.19-25
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• 2010

We developed a RFID terminal to voice guide the blind who have difficulties in reaching out to the pharmaceutical information. In this work, we used RFID technology to instruct the pharmaceutical information to the blind. The voice guidance reader was made to read the RFID tag attached to the drugs and announced the pharmaceutical information matching to the tag specific ID. We had the reader to obtain the pharmaceutical information from the ezDrug site operated by Korea Food & Drug Association. The voice guidance reader was fabricated as necklace type for the easy carry, and we added mp3 player as dual uses. ARM series Cortex M3 chip was used for the reader's core chip and low power MFRC523 chipset of NXP was used to construct RFID circuit. MFRC523 chip uses low power to meet the mobile application. We used VS1003B MP3 Decoder IC to make the voice generation circuit and CC2500 chipset for the wireless communication to the pharmaceutical information server. We also developed the system that can support ISO 14443A type and ISO 14443B type so that the system can be used to extend to various RFID protocols. Utilization of this system can conveniently convey the pharmaceutical information to the blind and reduce the drug abuse.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.33.1-33.12
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• 2019

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of the restorative technique on the mechanical response of endodontically-treated upper premolars with mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavity. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight premolars received MOD preparation (4 groups, n = 12) with different restorative techniques: glass ionomer cement + composite resin (the GIC group), a metallic post + composite resin (the MP group), a fiberglass post + composite resin (the FGP group), or no endodontic treatment + restoration with composite resin (the CR group). Cusp strain and load-bearing capacity were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used with ${\alpha}=5%$. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to calculate displacement and tensile stress for the teeth and restorations. Results: MP showed the highest cusp (p = 0.027) deflection ($24.28{\pm}5.09{\mu}m/{\mu}m$), followed by FGP ($20.61{\pm}5.05{\mu}m/{\mu}m$), CR ($17.62{\pm}7.00{\mu}m/{\mu}m$), and GIC ($17.62{\pm}7.00{\mu}m/{\mu}m$). For load-bearing, CR ($38.89{\pm}3.24N$) showed the highest, followed by GIC ($37.51{\pm}6.69N$), FGP ($29.80{\pm}10.03N$), and MP ($18.41{\pm}4.15N$) (p = 0.001) value. FEA showed similar behavior in the restorations in all groups, while MP showed the highest stress concentration in the tooth and post. Conclusions: There is no mechanical advantage in using intraradicular posts for endodontically-treated premolars requiring MOD restoration. Filling the pulp chamber with GIC and restoring the tooth with only CR showed the most promising results for cusp deflection, failure load, and stress distribution.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-25
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• 2001

The methyl pheophorbide-a (MP-a) and methyl pyropheophorbide-a (MPP-a) were modified by reaction of exocyclic ketone in E-ring with nucleophilic reagent and several chlorin derivatives were synthesized. The change of the structure in E-ring served an expanding conjugation region and introduction of electron-withdrawing group, which strongly influenced the visible spectra. The Qy bands of synthesized compounds were affected by the substituents on the Qy axis(N$\sub$21/-N$\sub$23/).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.188-198
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• 2005

The Goldschmidt iterative algorithm for finding a floating point square root calculated it by performing a fixed number of multiplications. In this paper, a variable latency Goldschmidt's square root algorithm is proposed, that performs multiplications a variable number of times until the error becomes smaller than a given value. To find the square root of a floating point number F, the algorithm repeats the following operations: $R_i=\frac{3-e_r-X_i}{2},\;X_{i+1}=X_i{\times}R^2_i,\;Y_{i+1}=Y_i{\times}R_i,\;i{\in}\{{0,1,2,{\ldots},n-1} }}'$with the initial value is $'\;X_0=Y_0=T^2{\times}F,\;T=\frac{1}{\sqrt {F}}+e_t\;'$. The bits to the right of p fractional bits in intermediate multiplication results are truncated, and this truncation error is less than $'e_r=2^{-p}'$. The value of p is 28 for the single precision floating point, and 58 for the doubel precision floating point. Let $'X_i=1{\pm}e_i'$, there is $'\;X_{i+1}=1-e_{i+1},\;where\;'\;e_{i+1}<\frac{3e^2_i}{4}{\mp}\frac{e^3_i}{4}+4e_{r}'$. If '|X_i-1|<2^{\frac{-p+2}{2}}\;'$ is true, $'\;e_{i+1}<8e_r\;'$ is less than the smallest number which is representable by floating point number. So, $\sqrt{F}$ is approximate to $'\;\frac{Y_{i+1}}{T}\;'$. Since the number of multiplications performed by the proposed algorithm is dependent on the input values, the average number of multiplications per an operation is derived from many reciprocal square root tables ($T=\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}+e_i$) with varying sizes. The superiority of this algorithm is proved by comparing this average number with the fixed number of multiplications of the conventional algorithm. Since the proposed algorithm only performs the multiplications until the error gets smaller than a given value, it can be used to improve the performance of a square root unit. Also, it can be used to construct optimized approximate reciprocal square root tables. The results of this paper can be applied to many areas that utilize floating point numbers, such as digital signal processing, computer graphics, multimedia, scientific computing, etc.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.12A no.5 s.95
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• pp.413-420
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• 2005

The Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm for finding a floating point reciprocal square mot calculates it by performing a fixed number of multiplications. In this paper, a variable latency Newton-Raphson's reciprocal square root algorithm is proposed that performs multiplications a variable number of times until the error becomes smaller than a given value. To find the rediprocal square root of a floating point number F, the algorithm repeats the following operations: '$X_{i+1}=\frac{{X_i}(3-e_r-{FX_i}^2)}{2}$, $i\in{0,1,2,{\ldots}n-1}$' with the initial value is '$X_0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}{\pm}e_0$'. The bits to the right of p fractional bits in intermediate multiplication results are truncated and this truncation error is less than '$e_r=2^{-p}$'. The value of p is 28 for the single precision floating point, and 58 for the double precision floating point. Let '$X_i=\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}{\pm}e_i$, there is '$X_{i+1}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}-e_{i+1}$, where '$e_{i+1}{<}\frac{3{\sqrt{F}}{{e_i}^2}}{2}{\mp}\frac{{Fe_i}^3}{2}+2e_r$'. If '$|\frac{\sqrt{3-e_r-{FX_i}^2}}{2}-1|<2^{\frac{\sqrt{-p}{2}}}$' is true, '$e_{i+1}<8e_r$' is less than the smallest number which is representable by floating point number. So, $X_{i+1}$ is approximate to '$\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}$. Since the number of multiplications performed by the proposed algorithm is dependent on the input values, the average number of multiplications Per an operation is derived from many reciprocal square root tables ($X_0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}{\pm}e_0$) with varying sizes. The superiority of this algorithm is proved by comparing this average number with the fixed number of multiplications of the conventional algorithm. Since the proposed algorithm only performs the multiplications until the error gets smaller than a given value, it can be used to improve the performance of a reciprocal square root unit. Also, it can be used to construct optimized approximate reciprocal square root tables. The results of this paper can be applied to many areas that utilize floating point numbers, such as digital signal processing, computer graphics, multimedia, scientific computing, etc.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.81-117
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• 2002

The generalization of Internet use has been spreaded all over the world and impacted company to introduce intranet and extranet for their operation which dealt with electronic commerce. For these reason, endeavor of implementation of web site system is promotioned and enhanced the possibility of adaptation range for the view of company. Dramatic competition which company faced with the use of internet and request from all over the world made company brought company to various and different type of level. It is necessary to develop website system with experty knowledge to satisfy customer needs. To deal with this situation, works from the level of government should proposed to spread whole country business which propelled through kyungnam mechanic industry information promotion center. With strategic proposal concerning district characteristics to adapt electronic commerce successfully, information promotion should performed. Support of government is needed continuously to realize infra of ASP composed of 4,877 mechanic industry company. It might be possible to deal with international rapid change with cooperation of company and government related department.