• 제목/요약/키워드: e-tongue

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PATTERNS OF ASSIMILATION OF IGBO VOWELS : AN ACOUSTIC ACCOUNT

  • Clara I. Ikekeonwu
    • 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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    • pp.514-514
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    • 1996
  • Igbo, a new Benue Congo language has a vowel harmony system which, like that of Akan, is based on the pharynx size or tongue root position. In this study we examine Igbo vowel harmony with particular reference to assimilatory patterns of vowels in different harmony sets. This is to gain some insight into the factors involved in Igbo vowel assimilation, and to establish to what extent reports on Akan vowel assimilation are validated in Igbo. Tokens of the eight phonemic vowels of Standard Igbo are recorded from three native speakers of Igbo. The vowels are acoustically investigated (using the LPC analysis of CSL) in individual lexical items and within carefully designed carrier phrases. The F1 and F2 values of the vowels are obtained as these formant values are generally useful in establishing the salient characteristics of vowels. Vowels from the harmony sets are juxtaposed in the carrier phrases to ascertain the extent of assimilation. Results of the investigation show that the F1 values, to a large extend, are enough to characterize these vowels. The (-Expanded) vowels have higher F1 values than their (+Expanded) counterpart. Where there is an overlap in F1 values for some vowels the F1 bandwidth values serve to distinguish between the vowels. The overlap often reported in Akan for /I/ and /e/ on the one hand and /${\mho}$/ and /o/ on the other is not validated in Igbo. While the F1 values for these pairs of vowels are quite similar for one of our speakers, there is an appreciable difference between the F1 values of these vowels for the other two speakers. There is however an overlap for /e/ and /o/ for one of the speakers. Assimilations are generally regressive across word boundaries. It is, however, necessary to point out that the general perceptual impression that one of the vowels completely assimilates to the other, is not borne out by our investigation. Most of our F1 and F2 values for the vowels in individual lexical items are altered in assimilations. This then suggests that assimilation involving these vowels is partial rather than complete. The emerging 'allophones' are acoustically similar to the (+Expanded) vowel involved in the assimilation, that is when vowels from different harmony sets are involved. We conclude that while assimilation of Igbo vowels involves some phonological considerations, phonetic factors appear to be permanent in deciding the final form of the vowels.

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Articulatory Attributes in Korean Nonassimilating Contexts

  • Son, Minjung
    • 말소리와 음성과학
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.109-121
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    • 2013
  • This study examined several kinematic properties of the primary articulator (the tongue dorsum) and the supplementary articulator (the jaw) in the articulation of the voiceless velar stop (/k/) within nonassimilating contexts. We examined in particular the spatiotemporal properties (constriction duration and constriction maxima) from the constriction onset to the constriction offset by analyzing a velar (/k/) followed by the coronal fricative (/s/), the coronal stop (/t/), and the labial (/p/) in across-word boundary conditions (/k#s/, /k#t/, and /k#p/). Along with these measurements, we investigated intergestural temporal coordination between C1 and C2 and the jaw articulator in relation to its coordination with the articulation of consonant sequences. The articulatory movement data was collected by means of electromagnetic midsagittal articulometry (EMMA). Four native speakers of Seoul Korean participated in the laboratory experiment. The results showed several characteristics. First, a velar (/k/) in C1 was not categorically reduced. Constriction duration and constriction degree of the velar (/k/) were similar within nonassimilating contexts (/k#s/=/k#t/=/k#p/). This might mean that spatiotemporal attributes during constriction duration were stable and consistent across different contexts, which might be subsequently associated with the nontarget status of the velar in place assimilation. Second, the gestural overlap could be represented as the order of /k#s/ (less) < /k#p/ (intermediate) < /k#t/ (more) as we measured the onset-to-onset lag (a longer lag indicated shorter gestural overlap.). This indicates a gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts may not be constrained by any of the several constraints including the perceptual recoverability constraint (e.g., more overlap in Front-to-Back sequences compared to the reverse order (Back-to-Front) since perceptual cues in C1 can be recovered anytime during C2 articulation), the low-level speech motor constraint (e.g., more overlap in lingual-nonlingual sequences as compared to the lingual-lingual sequences), or phonological contexts effects (e.g., similarity in gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts). As one possible account for more overlap in /k#t/ sequences as compared to /k#p/, we suspect speakers' knowledge may be receptive to extreme encroachment on C1 by the gestural overlap of the coronal in C2 since it does not obscure the perceptual cue of C1 as much as the labial in C2. Third, actual jaw position during C2 was higher in coronals (/s/, /t/) than in the labial (/p/). However, within the coronals, there was no manner-dependent jaw height difference in C2 (/s/=/t/). Vertical jaw position of C1 and C2 was seen as inter-dependent as higher jaw position in C1 was closely associated with C2. Lastly, a greater gap in jaw height was associated with longer intergestural timing (e.g., less overlap), but was confined to the cluster type (/kp/) with the lingual-nonlingual sequence. This study showed that Korean jaw articulation was independent from coordinating primary articulators in gestural overlap in some cluster types (/k#s/, /k#t/) while not in others (e.g., /k#p/). Overall, the results coherently indicate the velar stop (/k/) in C1 was robust in articulation, which may have subsequently contributed to the nontarget status of the velar (/k/) in place assimilation processes.

적외선 온도감응기를 장착한 마이크로파 고정기에 의한 생체조직 고정효과와 조직화학적 특성 (Fixation and Histochemistry of Biological Tissues Using the Microwave Fixator Equipped with Infrared-Temperature Sensor)

  • 신길상;민소연;김완종;손태호
    • 한국동물학회지
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    • 제38권3호
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    • pp.417-425
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    • 1995
  • 적외선 온도 감응기를 장착한 기존의 마이크로파 고정기의 단점을 보완하기 위해서 주변 온도를 보상할 수 있는 고정기를 개발하였다. 이를 이용하여 흰쥐의 혀, 췌장 및 소장을 고정(물리고정)한 후 몇 가지 염색법을 적용하여 염색성을 관찰하였고, 췌장의 내, 외분비 세포의 미세구조를 전자현미경으로 검경하였으며 단백질의 양과 bands의 양상을 조사하였다. 또한 이 결과들을 통상적인 화학고정을 시행한 경우와 비교하여 마이크로파에 의한 생체물질의 고정효과를 검증하고 조직화학에 응용될 수 있는지를 조사하였다. 흰쥐 혀의 횡단면을 H-E 염색하였을 경우, 두 고정법에서 염색성은 유사하였으나 물리고정에 비해 화학고정에 의한 관찰된 조직은 근육층의 분리가 관찰되었다. 췌장조직을 Feulgen 반응을 이용하여 염색하였을 경우, 물리고정한 군에서 반응산물이 보다 명확하게 관찰되었으며, 십이지장 융모에서 PAS 반응에 의한 염색성도 물리고정의 경우에서 배상세포에 특이적으로 강하게 나타났다. 물리고정을 한 후 짧은 시간동안 2차로 화학고정했을 경우, 췌장 내, 외 분비세포들의 전자현미경적 미세구조는 막 구조 및 세포기관이나 분비과립등의 보존상태 등에서 통상적인 화학고정법의 결과와 유사하게 관찰되었다. 물리고정한 시료의 질과 염색성이 우수하다는 사실에 근거하여 단백질 함량을 조사한 결과, 물리고정시 단백질의 추출이 비교적 적은 것으로 조사되었다. 이상과 같은 결과들은 마이크로파로 생체조직을 고정할 경우 대부분의 단백질들의 불용성화가 일어남으로써 미세구조의 고정 및 염색성이 증대되는 것으로 판단되었다. 현상에는 반드시 rosy transformant의 염색체 삽입에 의해서 만이 아니라 세포질내에서도 construct내의 rosy 유전자의 발현이 가능한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 형질전환율에 있어서는 Pc[(ry+)B]와p[(ry+)$\Delta$SX9] construct 간에 유의한 차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 실험 목적에 따라 자율적인 P element 또는 helper DNA를 이용한 비자율적인 P element를 효과적인 vector 로 선택 이용함으로써 특정 유전자를 곤충집단내로 침투 및 고정시킬 수 있다고 판단된다.

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Ideology, Politics, and Social Science Scholarship on the Responsibility of Intellectuals

  • Koerner, E.F.K.
    • 인문언어
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.51-84
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    • 2002
  • The 1990s have seen the publication of many books devoted to Language and Ideology (cf. Joseph & Taylor 1990. for one of the early ones) even though the term 'ideology' itself has remained ill-defined (Woolard 1998). The focus of attention has usually been placed on the particular use of language and often for some kind of 'political' ends, not on linguistic or other scholarship which might have been driven by some sort of ideology, i.e., a bundle of assumptions which themselves were taken as given. At least since Edward Said's 1978 book Orientalism, it has been clear to everyone that scholars construct their conceptualization of things in line with their understanding of the cultural, social, and political world in which they live, and that this often unreflected 'pre-understanding' effects their view of cultures that are different from theirs and more often than not geographically and temporally distant from theirs. This recognition has had a sobering effect no doubt, and Said's book has long since become 'mainstream.' Much more disturbing to the scholarly profession has been the publication of Martin Bernal's Black Athena in 1987, since it went much further, going beyond accusations of colonialism and cultural bias, in suggesting that the Western representation of Classical Greece over the past two hundred years was false and that what had been accepted until now about occidental antiquity must now be seen derived from African-Asiatic cultures of the Near East, notably that of the Ancient Egyptians, and that no other than Socrates should be seen as black man. While we may understand the intellectual climate in the United States that led academics to present 'myth as history' (Lefkowitz 1996), it is obvious that lines of regular scholarly principles of investigation have been crossed (cf Lefkowitz & Rogers 1996). The present paper investigates what may be seen as the ideological underpinnings of such work. After reviewing some recent scholarship in the area of linguistic historiography that have shown that academic work has never been 'value-neutral' (as may have been assumed or has been claimed by some practitioners), it is argued that in effect one must be aware of what Clemens Knobloch has recently termed Resonanzbedarf, i.e., the desire, whether conscious or not, of scholars-and probably scientists, too-to have their work recognized by the educated public and that, in so doing, their discourses tend to pick up on contemporary popular notions. These efforts may be harmless if everyone was to recognize these allusions and adoption of certain lexical. items(buzz words) as props or what Germans call Versatzstiicke, but history tells us that this has not always been the case. Still, as Hutton (1999) has shown, not all scholarship during the Third Reich for example can simply be dismissed as worthless because it was conducted in under a prevailing political ideology. Indeed, in seemingly innocent times, linguists can be shown to frame their argument in a way that makes them appear so utterly superior to their predecessors (cf. Lawson 2001). Upon closer inspection, those discourses turn out to be much like those of scholars in nationalistic environments that have tended to select their 'facts' to prove a particular hypothesis (cf., e.g., Koerner 2001). The article argues for scholars to take a more active role in exploding myths, scientifically unfounded claims, and ideologically driven distortions, especially those that are socially and politically harmful.

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구개 형성과정에서 간엽 내 Smad4 매개 신호전달의 역할 (Mesenchymal Smad4 mediated signaling is essential for palate development)

  • 윤지영;백진아;조의식;고승오
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • 제36권6호
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    • pp.460-465
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    • 2010
  • Introduction: A cleft palate is a common birth defect in humans with an incidence of 1/500 to 1/1,000 births. It appears to be caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors during palatogenesis. Many molecules are involved in palate formation but the biological mechanisms underlying the normal palate formation and cleft palate are unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that transforming growth factor $\beta$/bone morphogenetic proteins (TGF-$\beta$/BMP) family members mediate the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during palate formation. However, their roles in palatal morphogenesis are not completely understood. Materials and Methods: To understand the roles of TGF-$\beta$/BMP signaling in vivo during palatogenesis, mice with a palatal mesenchyme- specific deletion of Smad4, a key intracellular mediator of TGF-$\beta$/BMP signaling, were generated and analyzed using the Osr2Ires-Cre mice. Results: The mutant mice were alive at the time of birth with open eyelids and complete cleft palate but died within 24 hours after birth. In skeletal preparation, the horizontal processes of the palatine bones in mutants were not formed and resulted in a complete cleft palate. At E13.5, the palatal shelves of the mutants were growing as normally as those of theirwild type littermates. However, the palatal shelves of the mutants were not elevated at E14.5 in contrast to the elevated palatal shelves of the wild type mice. At E15.5, the palatal shelves of the mutants were elevated over the tongue but did not come in contact with each other, resulting in a cleft palate. Conclusion: These results suggest that mesenchymal Smad4 mediated signaling is essential for the growth of palatal processes and suggests that TGF-$\beta$/BMP family members are essential regulators during palate development.

Elastic Open Activator를 이용한 II급 부정 교합의 치료효과 (EFFECTS OF ELASTIC OPEN ACTIVATOR IN CLASS II MALOCCLUSION)

  • 정규림;박영국;이현경
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.511-523
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    • 1995
  • Elastic Open Activator(E.O.A.)는 myodynamic activator의 일종으로서 장치의 아크릴 부위의 대폭적인 크기 감소로 환자가 거부감 없이 장시간 착용할 수 있는 장점을 가지며, 구강내에서 매우 느슨하게 장착되므로써 보다 적극적인 근기능 자극 효과를 나타내고, 구강 내외의 제 기능시 발휘되는 생리적인 힘을 효율적으로 치조골 및 악관절부에 전달시킨다. 특히 기능모체(functional matrix)를 효과적으로 차단하는 동시에 능동적으로 자극함으로써 많은 부정교합 증례에서 비발치에 의한 교정치료의 성공률을 높이는 것으로 사료된다. 이 연구는 혼합치열기 및 초기 영구치열기의 II급 부정교합 환자에게 사용된 E.0.A.의 치료효과를 구명하기 위하여 시행되었으며 경희의료원 교정과에 내원하여 II급 1류 및 2류 부정교합으로 진단되었던 각각 9명과 5명의 치료 전후 cephalogram 및 석고모형을 비교분석한 후 결과를 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 상악골은 두 군 모두에서 정상적인 성장 양태를 유지하였다. 2. 하악골은 두 군 모두에서 크게 전하방 성장되었다. 3. 상악 전치는 II급 1류 부정교합자에서는 설측, II급 2류 부정교합자에서는 순측 경사되었고 두 군 모두에서 상하악 전치부 치조골 수직 성장이 억제되었다. 4. 하악 전치는 두 군 모두에서 약간 순측 경사되었다. 5. 두 군 모두에서 상, 하악 치궁의 확장이 일어났으며 II급 2류 부정교합자에서 가용 공극의 길이가 증가되었다.

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모음 높이의 새로운 표기법에 대하여 (A new feature specification for vowel height)

  • 박천배
    • 대한음성학회지:말소리
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    • 제27_28호
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    • pp.27-56
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    • 1994
  • Processes involving the change of vowel height are natural enough to be found in many languages. It is essential to have a better feature specification for vowel height to grasp these processes properly, Standard Phonology adopts the binary feature system, and vowel height is represented by the two features, i.e., [\pm high] and [\pm low]. This has its own merits. But it is defective because it is misleading when we count the number of features used in a rule to compare the naturalness of rules. This feature system also cannot represent more than three degrees of height, We wi31 discard the binary features for vowel height. We consider to adopt the multivalued feature [n high] for the property of height. However, this feature cannot avoid the arbitrariness resulting from the number values denoting vowel height. It is not easy to expect whether the number in question is the largest or not It also is impossible to decide whether a larger number denotes a higher vowel or a lower vowel. Furthermore this feature specification requires an ad hoc condition such as n > 3 or n \geq 2, whenever we want to refer to a natural class including more than one degree of height The altelnative might be Particle Phonology, or Dependency Phonology. These might be apt for multivalued vowel height systems, as their supporters argue. However, the feature specification of Particle Phonology will be discarded because it does not observe strictly the assumption that the number of the particle a is decisive in representing the height. One a in a representation can denote variant degrees of height such as [e], [I], [a], [a ] and [e ]. This also means that we cannot represent natural classes in terms of the number of the particle a, Dependency Phonology also has problems in specifying a degree of vowel height by the dependency relations between the elements. There is no unique element to represent vowel height since every property has to be defined in terms of the dependency relations between two or more elements, As a result it is difficult to formulate a rule for vowel height change, especially when the phenomenon involves a chain of vowel shifts. Therefore, we suggest a new feature specification for vowel height (see Chapter 3). This specification resorts to a single feature H and a few >'s which refer exclusively to the degree of the tongue height when a vowel is pronounced. It can cope with more than three degrees of height because it is fundamentally a multivalued scalar feature. This feature also obviates the ad hoc condition for a natural class while the [n high] type of multivalued feature suffers from it. Also this feature specification conforms to our expection that the notation should become simpler as the generality of the class increases, in that the fewer angled brackets are used, the more vowels are included, Incidentally, it has also to be noted that, by adopting a single feature for vowel height, it is possible to formulate a simpler version of rules involving the changes of vowel height especially when they involve vowel shifts found in many languages.

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실험적 치은염에서 dextranase 함유 구강 세정액의 양치 효과 (The Effect of Dextranase-Containing Mouthwash in Human Experimental Gingivitis)

  • 손은주;김영준;김도만;정현주
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.401-420
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    • 2001
  • A novel glucanhydrolase from a mutant of Lipomyces starkeyi(KSM 22)has been shown effective in hydrolysis of mutan, reduction of mutan formation by Streptococcus mutans and removal pre-formed sucrose-dependent adherent microbial film and Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase has been strongly bound to hydroxyapatitie. These in vitro properties of Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase are desirable for its application as a dental plaque control agent. This study was performed to determine oral hygiene benefits and safety of dextranase(Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase)-containing mouthwash in human experimental gingivitis. This 3-week clinical trial was placebo-controlled double-blind design evaluating 1U/ml dextranase mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. A total 39 systemically healthy subjects, who had moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis were included. At baseline, 1, 2 and 3 weeks, subjects were scored for plaque(Silness and $L{\ddot{o}e$ plaque index and plaque severity index), gingivitis($L{\ddot{o}e$ and Silness gingival index), and at baseline and 3 weeks of experiment, subjects were scored for plaque(Turesky-Quingley-Hein's plaque index and plaque severity index), tooth stain(Area and severity index system by Lang et al). Additionally, oral mucosal examinations were performed and subjects questioned for adverse symptoms. Two weeks after pre-experiment examinations and a professional prophylaxis, the subjects provided with allocated mousewash and instructed to use 20-ml volumes for 30s twice dailywithout toothbrushing. All the groups showed significant increase in plaque accumulation since 1 week of experiment. During 3 weeks' period, the dextranase group showed the least increase in plaque accumulation of Silness and $L{\ddot{o}e$ plaque index, compared to the chlorhexidine and placebo groups, but chlorhexidine group showed the least increase inplaque accumulation of Turesky-Quingley-Hein's plaque index. As for gingival inflammation, all the groups showed significant increase during 3 weeks of experiment. The dextranase group also showed the least increase in gingival index score, compared to the chlorhexidine as well as the placebo groups. Whereas the tooth stain was increased significantly in the chlorhexidine group, compared to the baseline score and the placebo group since 3 weeks of mouthrinsing. It was significantly increased after 3 weeks in the dextranase group, still less severe than the chlorhexidine group. As for the oral side effect, the dextranase group showed less tongue accumulation, bad taste, compared to the chlorhexidine group. From these results, mouthrinsing with Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase was comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwashin inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and local side effects were if anything less frequent and less intense than chlorhexidine, in human experimental gingivitis. All data had provided positive evidence for Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase as an antiplaque agent and suggested that further development of dextranase formulations for plaque control are warranted.

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악하선(顎下線)과 협점막(頰粘膜)에 발생한 다형성(多形性) 선종(腺腫)의 치험례 (PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA WHICH OCCURED BUCCAL MUCOSA AND SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND ; TWO CASE REPORTS)

  • 이상철;김여갑;류동목;이백수;김병주
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.93-98
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    • 1993
  • Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common of all salivary gland tumors, constituting over 50% of all cases of tumors of both major and minor salivary gland origin and approximately 90% of all benign salivary gland tumors. Of the major salivary glands, the parotid gland is the most common site of the pleomorphic adenoma. It may occur, however, in any of the major gland or in the widely distributed intraoral accessory salivary glands. The palatal glands are frequently the site of origin of tumors, and other parts of origins are as follows: upper and lower lip, buccal mucosa, tongue and occasionally other sites. The majority of the lesions are found in patients in the fourth to sixth decades, but they are also relatively common in young adults and have been known to occur in children. It is somewhat more frequent in women than men. The term "mixed tumor" has masquaeraded under a great variety of names throughout the years (e.g., enclavoma, branchioma, endothelioma, enchondroma), but the term "pleomorphic adenoma" suggested by Willis characterizes closely the unusual histologic pattern of the lesion. The accepted treatment for this tumor is surgical excision. The intraoral lesions can be treated somewhat more conservatively by extracapsular excision. In general, Lesions of the hard palate should be excised with the overlying mucosa, while those in lining mucosa, such as the lips, soft palate and buccal mucosa often can be treated successfully by enucleation or extracapsular excision. In our hospital, we experienced two patients who were identified pleomorphic adenoma which occurred at buccal mucosa, submandibular gland. The lesions were successfully treated by surgical excision.

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신장생리(腎臟生理)의 유기적 통일성과 그 병후(病候)에 관한 고찰 (A Holistic Study of the Physiology of the Kidney and its Symptom)

  • 서만완;김길훤
    • 동국한의학연구소논문집
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 1999
  • 한의학은 유기체의 관점에서 생체기능의 통일성을 중요시하고 있다. 생체기능의 유기적 통일성은 기운(氣運)과 이치로 인식되며, 경락(經絡)은 기혈(氣血)의 매개를 통하여 장부(臟腑) 조직 기관의 사이를 밀접하게 연계하여 유기체에 대한 생리(生理) 병리(病理)의 보다 완전한 인식과 변증논치(辨證論治)의 이론적 근거를 제공하고 있다. 이러한 학문적 배경에 근거하여 신장(腎臟)생리의 유기성과 그 병후(病候)를 경기(經氣)의 교통(交通)을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 족소음신경(足少陰腎經)의 경기교통(經氣交通)은 신장(腎臟)과 간(肝) 폐(肺) 심(心) 방광(膀胱) 및 후롱 설본(舌本) 흉부(胸部) 족심(足心) 고내후염(股內後廉) 요(腰)의 형체조직(形體組織)과 밀접한 관계를 구축하여 협조(協助) 통일(統一)의 생리를 발휘하고, 병리적으로 신장(腎臟)의 병변(病變) 병후(病候)에 대한 유기적 인식을 가능케 한다. 따라서 신장(腎臟)과 그 경락(經絡)의 동시적 인식은 한의학의 이론과 임상의 실재에 부합되는 변증논치(辨證論治)의 관건이 된다고 사료(思料)된다.

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