• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.288-301
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• 2016

This paper employed typology and stratification as key elements to estimate quality evaluation of vinegar drink through Delphi and AHP(analytical hierarchical process) method to contribute the market expansion of the vinegar drink as a health drink. Through literature research and brainstorming with professionals, the first round of Delphi method was conducted with the open-ended questions including five upper concepts, i.e. 'ingredients', 'production method', 'product characteristics', 'functions' and 'packaging design'. Original study had 50 lower concepts as a result of the first round and added 'marketing' as an additional upper concept. The second and third round of Delphi method have been conducted with closed-ended questions based on the 50 lower concepts resulted from the first round. To seek concordant objectivity among the answers from the survey, the study used Kendall's W coefficient of concordance. 11 items were removed while 16 items were removed at the third round leaving 23 items through second round of Delphi method. For the final round, this study utilized the Pairwise Comparison Method to figure out the relative importance of the 23 items for the prioritization. Finally, current study formulated the final items which should be considered as an important factor in the quality evaluation of vinegar drink.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.99-124
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• 2006

The purposes of the study are two-folds. First, it analyzes how factors other than price(e.g. delivery service, saving point policies, free gifts) impact total price for various products and different types of stores. Second, it analyzes how to increase market efficiencies through price level, price differences, and the frequency of price changes for different shops, various products and different types of transactions. By analyzing the price level within different types of stores, there found that prices at on-line store were lower than off-line shops. It also found price differences between pure on-line, hybrid, and off-line store. Comparing prices by product size, there found that pure on-line shops have a lower price compared to others. The results showed that on-line store had lower price variation compared to off-line shops. When comparing pure on-line store to hybrid store, hybrid store had lower price variation. In terms of the frequency of price changes, hybrid stores had higher price fluctuations. In terms of total price differences for delivery distances, pure on-line store had great price fluctuation, excluding cosmetic goods. In conclusion, if we consider price level and price fluctuations, on-line store had more efficiencies and was superior in terms of price effectiveness. Hybrid shops, on the other hand, had greater advantages for seasonal goods and dominant products. Therefore, market entry strategies should differ based on order quantity, type of store(pure on-line, hybrid, off-line), product characteristics(seasonality, product life), etc.

• CRM연구
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-48
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• 2006

Internet B2C marketplace such as 'Auction', 'G Market', 'Daum onket' etc.(called open market) has grown sharply in sales about yearly 100% rate increase in recent 1-2 years in Korea. Although Open marketplace has much reputation and the customer loyalty, almost of merchants participated in open market, which size in sales are medium/small, has poor reputation and trust. Consumers, who have to get in touch with untrustworthy merchants for trade in openmarket, perceive high trade risk which undergo the monetary damages such as 'merchandise never received'. This examines what factors consumer trust develop in online marketplace. This study explores several perceived risk factors in an open market by factor analysis and multi-regression to prove the relationships between the degree of trust for the merchants and the perceived trade risk. 133 data collected from the open market user data in this survey. In this study, the consumer's trade satisfaction in open market is low by 4.2 point degree of 7 point likert scale. and perceives 4 trade risk factors such as (1) 'failure to honor warranty or guarantee' (2) 'defective/poor goods in quality' (3) 'merchandise never received or received late' (4) 'poor information'. the degree of merchant's trust has significant relationship with the degree of perceived risk(sig. = 0.0000, $R^2=.327$) We find that the open market has to enhance the relationship marketing of trust by developing the strategies.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.12
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• pp.1311-1320
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• 2009

Childhood obesity has rapidly increased in Korea during the past 20-30 years. Approximately 1 of 10 children and adolescents is obese. Appropriate prevention and intervention measures urgently need. Obesity prevention starts early in life, i.e., obesity prevention and education begins during the period of fetal development in utero. Behavioral changes are the most positively reflected during pregnancy. Infants should be fed breast milk, and inculcated with healthy eating and behavioral habits during infancy to ultimately establish a healthy lifestyle in children. For achieving a lifestyle and behavior that successfully allow children to overcome obesity, although individual motivation is important, active support of parents and family members is also imperative. Health care providers should also make an effort to actively prevent obesity and take necessary intervention actions. Although the efforts of individuals, family, and healthy care providers are important to prevent the rapid increase in obesity, primary prevention should be encouraged at a higher level. Schools should specifically aim at improving nutrition and physical activity by allocating times for healthy eating, playing, and physical education. Moreover, local communities should provide support by funding for safe recreational environments, such as playgrounds and walking tracks. Public health strategies in community and national policies, such as city planning, food marketing, and advertisements, are required for primary prevention of obesity.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.5-20
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• 2006

This study is a part of the research on measuring and developing the creativity of college students, especially of engineering college students. This study was done in the class of imaginative design engineering which was a creativity training program integrated with engineering majors, including idea generation skills, creative problem solving, patent applications, design, manufacturing and marketing. Participants in this program were 75 freshman strudetns in engineering college. The achievements in this program were measured by the figural form of TTCT(Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking), as well as MBTI(Myers-Briggs Type Indicator). The results are as follows. First, TTCT scores of the participants in imaginetive design engineering increased significantly. Second, type indicator scores of MBTI varied significantly, to the directions of extrovert, feeling, and perception. Therefore, according to the results of this study, we can conclude the imaginative design engineering class had significant positive effects on the creativity of the engineering students.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.101-109
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• 2015

Purpose - A traditional retail market is a place that offers economic opportunity to employees and employers alike it also is a place where the community can meet. The Korean government has invested three trillion won to improve physical and non-physical aspects in traditional retail markets since 2004. However, little research on this has been conducted. We explore this research gap that could lead to theory extension. We analyze consumption behavior with respect to traditional retail markets through an empirical analysis, thus overcoming limits in previous research. We empirically analyze policy effects of traditional retail market projects supported by the Korean government. Research design, data, and methodology - We propose a traditional retail market improvement plan via the relation between cause and effect resulting from the analysis. More specifically, logit analysis was carried out with 1,754 consumers in 16 cities nationwide. In order to analyze consumer consumption behaviors nationwide, the probability was analyzed using a logit model. This research analyzes the link between support and non-support by the Korean government using binary values. The dependent variable is whether Korean government support is implemented; the binomial logistic regression is used as the statistical estimation technique. The object variables are:1 (support) or 0 (nonsupport), and the prediction value is between 1 and 0. As a result of the factor analysis of questions related to attributes of service quality, four factors were extracted: convenience, product, facilities, and service. Results - The results indicate that convenience, product, and facilities have a significant influence on consumer satisfaction in accordance with the government's traditional retail market support. Additionally, the results reveal that convenience, product, facilities, and service all have a significant influence on consumer satisfaction in a traditional retail market's service quality and consumer satisfaction. Finally, the analysis indicates that the highly satisfied traditional retail market customer has a significant influence on revisit intention. Moreover, the results reveal that the highly satisfied traditional retail market customer has a significant influence on recommendation intention. Conclusions - This research focused on consumers nationwide to measure policy effects of traditional retail markets compared to previous research that focused on one traditional retail market or a specific area. We verified the relationship of service quality and customer satisfaction and consumer behavior based on service quality theory. The results indicate that consumer satisfaction of traditional retail markets supported by service quality factors has a significant impact. In a concrete form, the results indicate that these effects are from facility modernization projects and marketing support projects of the Korean government. The results also imply that these facility and management support effects from the Korean government have been consistent. We realize that the Korean government has to selectively support traditional retail markets in major cities and small and medium-sized cities. To that end, the Korean government needs to select a concentration strategy for the revitalization of traditional retail markets.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.89-98
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• 2020

Purpose: The growth of online commerce is now becoming a major threat and a new opportunity for retailers. Existing offline retailers struggle to cope with new online retailers' threats by utilizing offline infrastructure. Besides, online retailers expand their online strengths to offline sales by opening their offline stores. Many retailers are paying close attention to the O2O business and the resulting changes. Thus, this research focuses on the O2O business model and process that retailers can adopt. Research design, data and methodology: Considering the features of products that retailers sell, this paper divides O2O business process with the following criteria: delivery lead-time and delivery area. And This research uses the business model canvas to define the features of O2O commerce business process. This paper also uses nine key elements in the business model canvas for analyzing the structure of O2O commerce business. Results: This paper suggests the delivery model of retailers respond to offline customer orders and summarizes the following results. (1) Considering characteristics such as logistics process, delivery area, and product type, we define the features of O2O business models: wide-area (warehouse) based O2O business model, regional area (store) based O2O business model and time-separated O2O business model. (2) This study checks the availability of the business model through the business cases of O2O business models. (3) This study also analyzes the O2O business model of domestic retail companies by the factors defined in the business model canvas. Conclusions: Retailers can adopt the O2O business process to fit their business requirements and strategy. The online retailers who deal with normal consumer products mainly have the wide-area based O2O business model. The wide-area based O2O business model can be suitable for retailers who manage inventory centrally. The time-separated O2O business model can be a good solution for fresh food retailers to operate the logistics process efficiently. And to shorten the delivery lead-time of fresh foods, the regional area based O2O business model can be fit to the retailer that utilizes its offline logistics or sales infrastructure. It may be much more important for retailers to share the inventory information with other branches and to change the role of offline stores.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.95-127
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• 2011

Developing our understanding of retail employee job satisfaction is important, especially given its impact in reducing employee turnover intentions and increasing employee job performance. While developing our understanding of job satisfaction is important, the vast majority of studies examine job satisfaction as a global or single-faceted construct. However, extant research provides evidence that to properly measure job satisfaction, multi-faceted scales are required (e.g. Churchill et al., 1974; Boles et al., 2007; Rutherford et al., 2009). Using the literature on multi-faceted job satisfaction, this study examines retail employees' satisfaction with supervision, job, company policy, promotion, pay, fellow workers, and customers. Specifically, emotional exhaustion, need for emotion, and personal traits (strong, independent, and warm) are examined as antecedents. This study finds that emotional exhaustion is negatively related to all seven facets of job satisfaction.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to provide managerial implications for retail brand managers. Specifically, current study divide donation type into direct donation(e.g., corporate philanthropy) and indirect donation(cause-related marketing) and investigate the donation type on the purchase intention. Also, this research intends to provide the mechanism between the donation type on the purchase intention by showing the mediating role of the consumers' perceived warmth. Moreover, the moderating role of the brand type(non-luxury vs. luxury brand) between the donation type, the warmth perception, and the purchase intention will be examined. Research design, data, and methodology - A total of 174 undergraduate students from a university in Korea were recruited and were randomly assigned to the conditions of a 2(donation type: indirect vs. direct) X 2 (brand type: non-luxury vs. luxury) between-subjects design. The hypotheses were tested using SPSS 21.0. Two-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were performed. Results - Empirical results showed that the consumers' perceived warmth was higher in the direct donation condition than the indirect donation condition and moreover this influence of the donation type on the perceived warmth was moderated by the brand type. Specifically, the influence of donation type on the perceived warmth was significant only for luxury brand. And there is an interaction effect of donation type and brand type on the purchase intention. More specifically, the purchase intention for luxury brand was higher in the direct donation condition than the indirect donation condition whereas the purchase intention for non-luxury brand was higher in the indirect donation condition than in the direct donation condition. Conclusions - This research contributed to the CSR literature of retail brand management by showing that the influence of the donation type and the brand type on the purchase intention. Moreover, this study enriched CSR literature by introducing Stereotype Content Model and showing the mediating role of the consumers' perceived warmth. Managerially, these results suggested retail brand managers of non-luxury brand and luxury brand how to select an appropriate type of donation and conduct CSR strategies.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.95-102
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• 2017

Purpose - This study aims to develop diagnostic indices for managerial performance of agro-food distribution corporations. In particular, weights of diagnostic indices were estimated using the AHP method. Management diagnosis on agro-food distribution corporations is expected to increase their competitiveness in the domestic market as well as in international markets. Research design, data, and methodology - It develops weights or importance of the diagnostic indices based upon the survey of 21 experts in food distribution management. The survey was carried out using e-mail. Management diagnostic indices were developed based upon four BSC(Balanced Scorecard) perspectives of finance, learning/growth/leadership, customer, and internal process/technology. Results - Diagnostic indices on financial perspective consist on profitability, productivity, growth, stability and activity. Learning and leadership perspective indices consist of management will, CEO leadership, level of learning, innovation, and level of management information system. Customer perspective indices are branding, customer and channel management and internal process/technology indices consist of fourteen sub-indices representing technologies, efficiency, and dynamics. It was estimated that the weight of financial perspective index was 0.3, internal process/technology perspective index 0.248, customer category index 0.247, and learning, growth and leadership perspective index 0.205. This study also estimates weights of sub-indices for managerial diagnosis by four different perspectives. Estimated weight of profitability (0.085) is the greatest among financial perspective indices, followed by stability (0.072), growth (0.053), productivity (0.051), and activity (0.038). While estimated weights of leadership, capability, and information indices are 0.100, 0.061, and 0.044 respectively, weights of marketing, customer management, and quality and service indices are 0.104, 0.093, and 0.051, respectively. Among internal process/technology perspective, estimated weights of efficiency, technology, and innovation indices are 0.106, 0.088, and 0.054, respectively. Conclusions - The diagnostic indices for managerial performance of agro-food distribution corporations would be utilized by agro-food distribution corporations themselves, extension service institutions, and consultants. It is also expected that central and local governments use diagnostic indices developed in this study for the purpose of evaluating the effects of governmental support programs for agro-food distribution corporations. Futhermore researchers and consultants would modify diagnostic indices developed in this study, reflecting characteristics and situation of types of agro-food distribution corporations.