• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.2 s.61
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• pp.79-86
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• 2007

The recent works of architecture and interior design take on too various aspects to be classified as a trend or tendency. Many subjects, seeking the superiority between form and function in space which was the issue of Modernism, got to face the works which transcend the limitation of architecture due to the development of a variety of media and technology these days. In result, we could see the works which are to be Included into the category of art rather than architecture. This study starts from the thought that the common aspects of these works are based on the strangeness to pursue uniqueness, peculiarities or novelty. 'The subject of this study, $'D\acute{e}paysement'$, creates a new relation, disconnected from customs, to an architecture which became familiar through defragment, fixation and abstraction by the habitual relation and makes it reborn as an architecture which gives us a fantasy and a pleasure, by converting into the shape and image which are different from its original shape when a stimulus is given to an architecture. This study starts from the artistic aspect which has a close correlation with the architecture. The subject, $'D\acute{e}paysement'$ could be historically considered in two aspects - $D\acute{e}paysement$ of Surrealism which developed in paintings and Defamiliarization of Russian Formalism in the area of literature. This study is carried in a category of $D\acute{e}paysement$, focusing on the visual aspect of the architecture. This study is composed as follows: In chapter 2, a theoretical research is performed according to the definition and meaning of the $D\acute{e}paysement$ expression techniques, its origination and evolution, and type classification by the features of expression techniques in the era of Surrealism when $D\acute{e}paysement$ developed most vigorously in the area of art. In chapter 3, the system which formalizes the expression method of the techniques is presented, focusing on the case analysis of the artistic works according to the types of $D\acute{e}paysement$. In chapter 4, the application of the expression techniques of $D\acute{e}paysement$ is discussed by conducting cases analysis of the modern interior design.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.87-105
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of the study is to propose a theoretical framework of cross-border e-commerce ecosystems based on blockchain technology. The ecosystem includes five systems, namely, crossborder supply chain intelligent system, cross-border logistics system, cross-border payment system, cross-border product quality traceability system and cross-border customs supervision system. Design/methodology - This study firstly derived the main improvement factors for the new ecosystem based on blockchain through prior research and expert interviews on cross-border e-commerce. Then explored the use of virtue of decentralization, anti-counterfeiting traceability, consensus mechanism, smart contract and other means of the core technology of blockchain to overcome the bottleneck of cross-border e-commerce development among Korea, China, and Japan. Finally, proposed valuable implications in both theoretical and practical perspectives. Findings - As a result, we combined with the problems existing in cross-border e-commerce among Korea, China and Japan, this paper proposes a solution based on blockchain. On this basis, it constructs a cross-border e-commerce ecosystem among these three countries, including five systems. In addition, we discuss the main problems existing in the current blockchain, such as low transaction concurrency, security loopholes, and inconsistent standards, the corresponding countermeasures are proposed from the technical level, security level and industry standards. Originality/value - This study is the first to apply the blockchain technology to solve the cross-border e-commerce problems in Korea, China and Japan, which is of pioneering significance in both literature and practice. Block chain technology is in the ascendency. This study provides technical solutions for promoting the development of cross-border e-commerce import and export trade between Korea, China and Japan.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.21
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• pp.73-97
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• 2003

In this paper, I examined the trends of standardization and electronization of trade documents and SWIFT network. Also, I reviewed on emerging electronic documentary credit for electronic payment and electronic presentation of documents. New international trade customs and practices are being established and changed as a result of the growth of the Internet and other on-line networks. At the same time there is increasing pressure to move from existing paper-based documentary credit to electronic documentary credit. Several projects devoted to development of an electronic letter of credit infrastructure have recently been proposed such as Bolero, SWIFTNet, UNeDocs and eUCP, etc. Yet, little can be done until the presentation process is electrified between traders and banks. Also, interbank communication of letters of credit has long been electronic, mainly through the SWIFT. However, it is not functioned between applicant and beneficiary, although the solution of SWIFTNet has recently been developed. The Banking Commission of International Chamber of Commerce established a working group consisting of experts in the related fields to prepare the appropriate rules as a Supplement to UCP 500 for Electronic Presentation: eUCP. The eUCP will provide the necessary rules for the presentation of the electronic equivalents of paper documents under letters of credit. Some problems of electronic presentation under the eUCP, exist such as format, presentation of electronic records and the way of beneficiary's notice for completeness under the Article e5 if more than one record is to be presented electronically by third parties. Therefore, it is encouraged to provide more detailed guide for eUCP Article e5.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-55
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to look at the role of e-trade for trade facilitation, which was the conclusion of November 27, 2014 which is based on the main discussions and content of the WTO. This study examines the data collected based on previous research and literature data, and it proposed a policy direction using it. Trade facilitation agreement also contains a number of e-Trade related information and internet-based electronic documents can be sent very quick flow of information and it can save time and cost concerning parties. e-Trade is a very important basement and it is needed to continually develop and exchange for trade facilitation. To make easy trade facilitation, e-Trade is one of the means to achieve competitiveness of companies and countries under these circumstances. The conclusion of this study shows that it is necessary to steadily develop e-trade technologies for trade facilitation and to continuously exchange e-trade system for easy customs services in concerining countries to maximize these effects.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.533-545
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• 2016

It is well known that international technology transfer(ITT) is relatively more difficult than the domestic technology transfer because of the difference in interest, technology level, culture and other various macro-environmental conditions. This study aims to derive recommendations for ITT of National Science and Technology Information Service(NTIS) of Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning(MSIP) by conducting case study of ITT in domestic public information systems. The cases are the national agencies that performed successfully in ITT. The cases are Korea Customs Service(KCS)'s customs administration system(UNI-PASS), Public Procurement Service(PPS)'s Korea On-Line E-Procurement System(KONEPS), and Korean Intellectual Property Office(KIPO). After studying on how the cases proceeded ITT, this paper suggests proper preparation strategies in the view point of information marketing.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.151-192
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• 2000

This study has been focused on the revisions and characteristics of the 7 non-maritime trade terms(EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAF, DDU and DDP) in Incoterms 2000. Main characteristics are as follows: First, the use of different expressions intended to convey the same meaning has been avoided and the same expressions as appear CISG have been used. Second, the content of preamble in each trade terms has been shortened and definitedly. Third, if the parties are going to use variants of trade terms in Incotrems 2000, the meanings should be made clear by adding explicit wording in the contract of sale. Main revisions of the 7 trade terms are as belows: First, Incoterms 2000 has emphasized that in EXW, the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller's premises or another named place(i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.) not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle. Second, in FCA, delivery is completed; a) If delivery occurs at the seller's premises, the seller is responsible for loading. b) If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading. Third, in CPT and CIP, all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unloading costs and all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and for their transit through any country are linked with the content under the contract of carriage. Fourth, Incoterms 2000 has emphasized that in DAF, the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for export, but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country. Fifth, Incoterms 2000 has emphasized that in DDU, the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import(in DDP, cleared for import), and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. Sixth, if the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's rail, FCA, CPT and CIP instead of FOB, CFR and CIF should be used.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.129-146
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• 1997

The purpose of this paper was to discover the importance and degree of satisfaction toward medical service perceived by clients and analize some characteristics and any siginificant difference by deomographic and social variables. In addition the subjects were divided into groups(i. e. satisfied and dissatisfied groups) and tested significant difference between two groups, The results can be summerized as follows: 1,. While the importance of over attributes of medical services percevied by customs was higher the degree of satisfaction was relatively low. 2. According to our analysis the degree of satisfaction toward hospital facilities and staff appeared to have relatively have relatively heavy weights compared to total satisfaction scores. 3. As far customers' quality evaluation about medical service is concerned the importance and degree of satisfaction could not be discriminated by demographic variables except education and income level. 4. The discrepancy of satisfaction s ore between satisfied and dissatisfied group was the highest in hospital facilities compared to other three sectors.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.36
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• pp.47-84
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• 2007

The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ("UCP") may be treated as a useful laboratory for studying the scope and limitations of self regulation. This is due to its almost universal success on a global stage which provides it a perspective rarely available for self regulatory provisions and due to extensive experience of judicial review of it. In this sense, it is worthwhile to examine in brief the latest iteration of the UCP, Publication No. 600 ("UCP600"). This article describes and analyze some of core provisions of the UCP600 from the perspective of their adequacy as an exercise in self regulation. It is attempted first in view of several categories of private rulemaking; definitional rulemaking, default rules, procedural rules, and remedies. After that, it is examined second in view of sound rulemaking which is related to the relative role of law and practice. It points out rich and varied insights into the possibilities and problems associated with private rulemaking in connection with commercial transactions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.57-65
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• 2000

Vernacular embodies a culture and economy that are unique to one particular region at a given period, expressed in the lifestyles of the ordinary people of the region. This study aims at interpreting Korean Vernacular Landscape by applying the analytical tool thus developed to the lifestyles of ordinary people found in their permanent dwellings (e. g., villages). By so doing, this study hopes to contribute to building a framework with which to understand the tradition of ordinary people by exploring the uniqueness and basic characteristics of Korean Vernacular Landscape. This study relies primarily on filed studies on, and publications relating to, the agrarian and residential landscapes. The Korean vernacular landscape has not only crude and simple generality, but also individuality derived from cultural circumstances and natural feature. Korean Vernacular Landscape may be characterized as the practical Vernacular Landscape, consisting of the raw materials that were only available in a particular region, shaped by the terrain, and maintained by the customs that varied from a region to a region.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.173-199
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• 2008

A letter of credit transaction of the preexistence have been raising one's head fraud charge problem as a result of abusing the principles of independence and abstraction. Every society has certain rules and conventions which it regards as important and most of people in any society. The paper document means a document in a traditional paper form. The eUCP credit must specify the formats in which electronic records are to be presented. In these present times, the issuance of documentary credit are performed by the SWIFT(Society for Worldwide Inter bank Financial Telecommunication) system. The eUCP have been written to allow for presentation completely electronically or for a mixture of paper documents and electronic presentation. Presentation is deemed not to have been made if the Beneficiary's notice is not received. An electronic record that cannot be authenticated is deemed not to have been presented. The e-UCP is the supplement of current existing UCP but is superior to UCP under some circumstances. The document shall include an electronic record. The place for presentation of electronic records means an electronic address. The current e-UCP is not clear on this matter. We have to note followings in case of presenting the documents electronically and applying the e-UCP. There are three principles in the letter of credit transaction, that is to say, independence and abstraction, document dealing, strict compliance. IN the electronic letter of credit, these principles are called as independence and abstraction, electronic document dealing, strict compliance.