• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.12
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• pp.83-95
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• 1994

Fixation rate of reactive dyes on silk fibroin showed the same tendency to absorption rate. Fixation rate of Yellow 179 and Blue 71 was quite slow and Black 5, Blue 49, Blue 4, Blue 19 and Blue 21 was relatively fast. Weight increase by MAA graft polymerization onto filk fibroin was decreased, on the whole, according to the the increase of dye fixation, but weight increase of silk fibroin dyed with Blue 71 and Blue 21 was much higher than that of silk fibroin. And weight increase of silk fibroin dyed with Yellow 179 was similar to that of silk fibroin and in case of Blue 19, weight increase was about 12%, constantly. Weight increase of silk fibroin dyed with Blue 71 and Blue 21 was higher and the others were lower than of silk fibroin. And weight increase was diminished according as the dyeing temperature rises. The color was a little changed by MAA graft polymerization.

• Clean Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2011

The dyeing of polyester fiber with two different disperse dyes (Disperse Red 60 and Disperse Yellow 54) was carried out using supercritical carbon dioxide ($SCCO_2$) as a dyeing medium at temperatures ranging from $50^{\circ}C$ to $90^{\circ}C$ and at pressures from 15 MPa to 30 MPa. The dye uptake of Disperse Red 60 on polyester fiber was found to increase with temperature at constant pressure and $SCCO_2$ density (700 kg/$m^3$). At $90^{\circ}C$ and 30 MPa, the dye uptake on polyester fiber increased with dyeing time and the saturation concentration of Red 60 was attained within 240 min, while a longer dyeing time was required for Yellow 54 to reach its saturation concentration. When dyestuff mixtures with mixing ratios of 0.01 to 9.0 (Red 60/Yellow 54) were used, the uptake ratio of the two dyes was found to be proportional to 0.26 power of their mixing ratio. Dyed fibers showed an orange color and the depth of the color depended upon the mixing ratio of the dyestuffs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the utilization of pruned branch of a peach tree as natural dyeing material. The dyestuff was extracted from pruned branch of a peach tree. we examined the dyeing ability on silk and cotten fabrics. The surface color of silk fabrics differed depending on mordants. E values in treatments of mordants ranged from 11.63 to 30.86 as compared to non-treatment. Dyeing properties of cotten fabrics were improved with a treatment of sulfate of iron as compared with of non-treatment. The values a increased when the slaked lime and sodium hydroxide were used as mordants, while the values b increased when copper sulfate, alum and apple vinegar were used. We investigated the surface colors of silk and cotten fabrics after washing three times. In general, the surface colors of silk and cotten fabrics between the treatments of all mordants and non-treatment were diminished by the washing. We also investigated the surface colors of silk and cotten fabrics when those were washed and treated by the light after soaking those into various pH solutions. The surface colors of silk and cotten fabrics were considerably preserved by the washing, the light and pH concentration. In conclusion, our results suggest that the dyestuffs from pruning branch of a peach tree would be useful as a natural dyeing material using the optimized conditions for silk and cotten dyeing.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the utilization of pruned branch of a peach tree as natural dyeing material. The dyestuff was extracted from pruned branch of a peach tree. we examined the dyeing ability on silk and cotton fabrics. The surface color of silk fabrics differed depending on mordants. E values in treatments of mordants ranged from 11.63 to 30.86 as compared to non-treatment. Dyeing properties of cotton fabrics were improved with a treatment of sulfate of iron as compared with of non-treatment. The values a increased when the slaked lime and sodium hydroxide were used as mordants, while the values b increased when copper sulfate, alum and apple vinegar were used. We investigated the surface colors of silk and cotton fabrics after washing three times. In general, the surface colors of silk and cotton fabrics between the treatments of all mordants and non-treatment were diminished by the washing. We also investigated the surface colors of silk and cotton fabrics when those were washed and treated by the light after soaking those into various pH solutions. The surface colors of silk and cotton fabrics were considerably preserved by the washing, the light and pH concentration. In conclusion, our results suggest that the dyestuffs from pruning branch of a peach tree would be useful as a natural dyeing material using the optimized conditions for silk and cotton dyeing.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.432-445
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• 2021

Background: The European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals' Targeted Risk Assessment (ECETOC TRA) tool has been recognized by EU REACH as a preferred approach for calculating worker health risks from chemicals. Objectives: The applicability of the ECETOC TRA to occupational exposure estimation from industrial uses of methanol was studied by inputting surveyed and varied parameters for TRA estimation as well as through comparison with measured data. Methods: Information on uses of methanol was collected from seven working environment monitoring reports along with the measured exposure data. Input parameters for TRA estimation such as operating conditions (OCs), risk management measures (RMMs) and process categories (PROCs) were surveyed. To compare with measured exposures, parameters from the surveyed conditions of ventilation but no use of respiratory protection were applied. Results: PROCs 4, 5, 8a, 10, and 15 were assigned to ten uses of methanol. The uses include as a solvent for manufacturing sun cream, surfactants, dyestuffs, films and adhesives. Methanol was also used as a component in a release agent, hardening media and mold wash for cast products as well as a component of hard-coating solution and a viscosity-controlling agent for manufacturing glass lenses. PROC 8a and PROC 10 of a cast product manufacturer without LEV (local exhaust ventilation) and general ventilation as well as no respiratory protection resulted in the highest exposure to methanol. Assuming the identical worst OCs and RMMs for all uses, exposures from PROC 5, 8a, and 10 were the same and the highest followed by PROC 4 and 15. The estimation resulted in higher exposures in nine uses except one use where measured exposure approximated exposures without RMMs. Conclusions: The role of ECETOC TRA as a conservative exposure assessment tool was confirmed by comparison with measured data. Moreover, it can guide which RMMs should be applied for the safe use of methanol.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 2006

This study investigated the effects of hybrid process(chemical coagulation, Fenton oxidation and ceramic UF(ultrafiltration)) on COD and color removals of commercial reactive dyestuffs. In the case of chemical coagulation, the optimal concentrations of $Fe^{3+}$ coagulant for COD and color removals of RB49(reactive blue 49) and RY84(reactive yellow 84) were determined according to the different coagulant dose at the optimal pH. They were 2.78 mM(pH 7) in RB49 and 1.85 mM(pH 6) in RY84, respectively. In the case of Fenton oxidation, the optimal concentrations of $Fe^{3+}\;and\;H_2O_2$ were obtained. Optimal $[Fe^{2+}]:[H_2O_2]$ molar ratio of COD and color removals of RB49 and RY84 were 4.41:5.73 mM and 1.15:0.81 mM, respectively. In the case of ceramic UF, the flux and rejection of supernatant after Fenton oxidation were investigated. After ceramic UF for 9 hr, the average flux of RB49 and RY84 solutions were $53.4L/m^2hr\;and\;67.4L/m^2hr$ at 1 bar, respectively. In addition, the permeate flux increased and the average flux recovery were 98.5-99.9%(RB49) and 91.0-97.3%(RY84) according to adopting off-line cleaning(5% $H_2SO_4$). Finally, COD and color removals were 91.6-95.7% and 99.8% by hybrid process, respectively.