• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2006

Ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) hairy root cultures, which are established via the infection of ginseng root discs with Rhizobium rhizogenes, have been used to construct profiles of both biomass growth and nutrient consumption in flask cultures. In a 250 mL shake flask culture, the maximum biomass was observed on the 59th day of the culture period, at 216.8 g (fresh wt) per liter or 11.4 g (dry wt) per liter. The hairy roots were determined to have a growth rate of 0.355 g-DW/g cells/day during the exponential growth phase and a maximum specific growth rate on day 7. Total ginseng saponin and phenolic compound contents were noted to have increased within the latter portion of the culture period. Linear correlations between increases in biomass weight and nutrient uptake were used to imply the conductivity yield $2.60g-DW/(L{\cdot}mS)$ and carbon yield 0.45 g-DW/(g sugar) in the 250 mL flask cultures. The biomass yield when two different nitrogen sources were used (ammonia and nitrate) was shown to remain approximately constant. at $0.47g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;NH_4$) and $0.33g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;NO_3$); it remained at these levels for 16 days with the ammonia. and for 24 days with the nitrate. The biomass yield when a phosphate source was used was also shown to remain approximately constant for 9 days, at $3.17g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;PO_4$), with an $R^2$ of 0.99.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.397-400
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• 1997

The experiment was carried out to determine the optimum fertilization level showing high quality on Aralia cordata Thunb. Plant height of fertilization(27-15-27kg) was promoted significantly compared with conventional fertilization(17-9-17kg). This effect was followed with increment of blanched length. Among underground parts, main root length was increased in conventional fertilization, and more cultural year was prolonged, the more yield of dry root weight was increased. Fresh leaf yield to produce high quality of Aralia cordata plant was remarkably increased about 6% in fertilization of 27-15-27kg per 10a. As a result, to produce higher good quality of the plant. the optimum fertilization level was 27-15-27kg per 10a.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2022

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Environment, the amount of food waste generated in Korea is 15,903 tons, which accounts for about 30% of the daily household waste. Food waste in Korea is on the rise, and various odors, greenhouse gases, and leachate generated in the process of discharging, transporting, and processing are emerging as social problems. Accordingly, there is a need for a method for recycling food waste. Therefore, this study was carried out to establish an appropriate limiting dose by manufacturing fertilizer mixed with food waste powder and treating it on tomatoes to investigate the growth and yield of crops. The experiment was carried out with continuous cultivation in 2021 (1st year) and 2022 (2nd year), and the treatment groups were set to No Treatment (NT), Chemical Fertilizer (CF), Mixed Fertilizer (MF), and Mixed Fertilizer×2 (MF×2). As a result of the 1st year growth survey, shoot and root length did not show a significant difference between the treatment groups, and the fresh weight showed a significant difference between the MF and MF×2. As a result of the 2nd year growth survey, there was no significant difference in shoot length, root length, and dry weight between the treatment groups, and the fresh weight of the CF was significantly greater than that of the MF×2. The yield of 1st year, MF×2 increased significantly compared to other treatment groups. In the case of 2nd year, CF, and MF×2 show significantly high values compared to NT. Judging from these results, continuous cultivation using food waste powder mixed fertilizer did not have a significant effect on crop growth and yield. However, it is considered that several studies including continuous cultivation experiments are needed to accurately set the appropriate application amount and limit the application amount of the mixed fertilizer for food waste.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2002

Ninety lactating goats (Bachthao, Barbary, Beetal and Jamnapary breeds) were used in an experiment to investigate the replacement value of the tree fodders Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) and Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). The foliages were used to replace the concentrate in diets based on chopped whole sugar cane (Sacharatum sp.), Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) and dried cassava root (Manihot esculanta). The concentrate was replaced by foliage of Jackfruit or Flemingia at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% based on the crude protein (CP) content in the concentrate and foliages, respectively. Average milk yield was 1,617 g/day for goats fed Jackfruit compared to 1,532 g/day for those fed Flemingia. Increasing amounts of Flemingia foliage resulted in reduced dry matter intake and decreased milk yield but milk composition (CP, casein and fat content) was similar up to 60% replacement. Flemingia showed a poor potential as a supplement for lactating goats and replacement levels should not exceed 20% of the protein in the concentrate or 7.5% of the dry matter in the diet. With respect to the combination of milk production and net return over the control a CP replacement rate of 20% was the most promising. For Jackfruit there was similar feed intake and milk yield at a replacement level of 20% of CP in the concentrate (9.2% of DM intake) compared to the control diet. Milk yield at the level of 40% replacement (15% of the DM) in the diet was slightly reduced. Up to a level of CP replacement rate of 60% (21% DM in the diet) can be suggested for on-farm testing as a higher net return over the control was obtained on station.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.138-151
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• 1989

In order to find the effects of seed size on the early seedling growth and yield of soybean, three soybean cultivars in Korea were investigated. Seed size was classified into large and small according to the weight and planted in pots(1/5000a) and in the field. Three soybean cultivars respresenting large, medium and small grains were Hwangkeum-kong, Kwangkyo and Bangsa-kong respectively. These cultivars were planted on June 20, 1987. 1. The plant height, stem diameter, root length and leaf area index(LAI) of the seed with large size seemed larger than the seed with small size regardless of cultivars. 2. The fresh and dry weight were different depending upon the grain sizes. The large grain had heavier fresh and dry weight than the small grains. 3. The protein consumption rate of the cotyledon of Bangsa-kong with small grain size was faster than the Hwangkeum-kong with large grain size. 4. The stem length, stem diameter and number of main stem node of the seed with large size seemed larger than the seed with small size. Large grains of Hwangkeum-kong were the highest in the number of branch node and number of node. 5. The number of pods and grains per plant of Bangsa-kong with small grain size was larger than the Kwangkyo with large grain size. 6. The yield per 10a for Hwangkeum-kong, Hwangkyo and Bangsa-kong were 226.3kg, 193.0kg and 192.8kg, respectively and they were all statistically different. The yield increases of large grains over small grains in the Hwangkeum-kong, Kwangkyo, and Bangsa-kong were 7.4%, 8.0% and 9.2%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.260-269
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of mulching materials on the emergence rate, root dry weight and grain weight of sesame using variety Poong Nyun Ggae and also their effects on physical properties of soil, evapotranspiration and weed growth on the respective plots were studied. The effect of soil water holding capacity at mulching with polyethylene film and straw increased 5.4%, 2.8% to non-mulched plot respectively. The maximum soil temperature was raised up to 4$^{\circ}C$ by applying clear film and was dropped down to 7$^{\circ}C$ by straw. The minimum soil temperature was raised up to 2$^{\circ}C$ by clear film and was dropped down to 3$^{\circ}C$ by straw. In the early stage, the soil physical properties of clear film mulching were better than those of non mulching, and so was in emergence rate. In the late stage, soil strength was high at non mulching, and soil porosity, soil aeration and water infiltration rate were high at film and straw mulchings. Total root dry weight was great at clear film mulching, and root dry weight was concentrated mainly in the upper 10 cm of soil profile. The amount of weeds collected was the least at black film mulching. There were of little difference in evapotranspiration among treatments. The grain yield of sesame was increased to 57% by polyethylene film and 25% by straw mulching.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of topping time and fertilizer split application on the growth and root yield of Scutellaria baicalensis G. In case of stem cutting at 25cm above the soil surface early in July and middle in August, plant height was reduced by 37cm compared with nontreatment, but stem diameter, the number of branch per plant and the growth of root increased. Topping treatment twice produced the highest dry root yield (182kg/10a) of all, 15% higher than nontreatment. When nitrogen and potassium were applied by the basal dressing with 60% and by the top dressing early in July and middle in August with 20% in each time, the growth of plant (both top and root) increased. The dry root yield per 10a in top dressing twice was 12% higher than once.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.3-18
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• 2005

This paper reports the characteristics of 8 new cultivars for selected from Korean ginseng. The occurance of multi stems were the highest in Yunpoong(45%) and the lowest in Gumpoong(7%), but growth of aerial parts were the highest in Gumpoong and the lowest In Yunpoong among new cultiyars. The ratio of seeds harvest were the highest in Gumpoong(85.4%) and the lowest in Chunpoong(69.1%), but number of seeds per plant were the highest in Yunpoong(108.3ea) and the lowest in Chunpoong(77.5ea) among new cultivars. The ratio of leaf burning were the highest in Chunpoong but the lowest in Yunpoong among new cultivars. In weight distribution of the different parts of the ginseng roots, the ratio of main root were high in Jakyungjong(63.1%) but low in new cultivars(49%-55.9%), but the ratio of lateral root were high in new cultivars(19.3-23.3%), but low in Jakyungjong(13.2%), the ratio of fine root were not different. Root yield declined in the order of Yunpoong, Gumpoong, Gopoong, Chunpoong, Sunpoong, Jakyungjong. The length of main root were the longest in Chunpoong(8,0cm) but the shortest in Yunpoong(6,4cm), The ratio of rusty-root was low in new cultivars(0,2-9,5%), but high in Jakyungiong(16,3%). The grade of red ginseng roots decreased in the order of Chunpoong, Gumpoong, Gopoong, Sunpoong, Yunpoong, Cheongsun, Jakyungjong. The total ginsenoside contents per dry weight in main roots was high in Gumpoong(8.53mg), Yunpoong(8.13mg), Gopoong(7,47mg), but low in Chunpoong(5.73mg), Sunpoong(4.87mg).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2005

The hyoscyamine 6${\beta}$-hydroxylase (h6h) gene was introduced into the genome of Scopolia parviflora through the Agrobacterium rhizogenes binary vector system. The enzyme was expressed ally and tissue specific selectively in roots, resulting in five transgenic hairy root lines. The presence of the h6h gene in kanamycin-resistant hairy roots and its overexpression were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Northern blotting, and Western blotting, respectively. In the transgenic hairy root lines which constitutively expressed the H6H enzyme, hyoscyamine and scopolamine accumulated in high concentration. Among the transgenic hairy root lines that expressed the H6H enzyme, only two were more productive. The levels of tropane alkaloids in transgenic hairy root varied greatly: The best transgenic line (#5) contained 8.12 mg of scopolamine per g dry weight, which produced the compound three times more than wild-type root. These results suggest a possibility of improving the yield of tropane alkaloids in hairy root lines by genetic and metabolic engineering.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1993

Since the inhibition of floral induction was considered to be an important subject to get high yield of Angelica gigas, the effects of low temperature, daylengh and shading were investigated in this study. The yield of A. gigas root grown by inhibition of floral induction was compared with the yield obtained by traditional cultivation method. When the seedings were exposed to the natural low air temperature condition until late of November, the plants which had 6 to 8 leaves showed vernalizing effect, and when the low temperature treatment was prolonged until mid of January, 4 to 5 leaf plants showed vernalizing effect. But 2 to 3 leaf plants did not show vernalizing effect regardless of the length of chilling treatment. The effectiveness of exposure to low temperature was markedly dependent upon the age of plants. In the artificial low temperature treatment the range of temperature varied with plant age. Vernalizing effect at 1,5 and 9$^{\circ}C$ of temperature did not show 3,5,6 leaf plants, respectively. The bolting percent in 8 leaf plant at 1,5 and 9$^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks decreased by 80,45 and 5%, respectively. As daylength became longer, the bolting percent of A. gigas was increased. plants which were grown in the full sunlight showed the highest value in bolting percent, and the bolting percent was not decreased significantly with changing from full sunlight to 50% shading. When A. gigas were grown by the inhibition of floral induction, dry root weight per l0a showed the greatest value in 3 year old plant which 3.6 and 2.4 times higher than that of 1 and 2 year old plant, respectively. The yield of root was increased by 73.7% in 2 year old plant and 159.6% in 3 year old plant compared with the yield obtained by traditional cultivation method.