• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2004

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the influence of feeding Lactobacillus reuteri culture (LR) on productive performance, intestinal microflora and availability in laying hens. Four hundred and eighty, Isa-Brown layers, 49 weeks of age, were fed diets supplemented with LR at the level of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, and $0.4\%$ of the diets for eight weeks. Egg production and egg weight were measured daily. Feed intake was weighed every two weeks. Egg quality was measured three times at the start, mid-term, and end of the experiment. Intestinal microflora were examined for Lactobacillus spp., E. coli and Salmonella at the end of the experiment. Overall egg production was the highest in $0.2\%$ LR (P<0.05), but that of $0.1\%$ or $0.4\%$ LR treatments did not significantly differ from that of control. Egg weight was significantly higher in LR feeding group than the control (P<0.05). Daily egg mass was significantly higher in $0.2\%$ and $0.4\%$ LR treatments compared to the control and $0.1\%$ LR (P<0.05). The number of jumbo and extra large eggs were increased in LR supplemented groups, especially in $0.1\%$ LR. Feed intake of layers fed LR supplemented diets tended to be lower than the control. However, feed conversion ratio significantly improved in LR supplemented groups (P<0.05). Availability of dry matter and crude protein improved significantly in $0.4\%$ LR treatment (P<0.05). But, those of ether extract and crude ash were not significantly different among treatments. Eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness were not significantly influenced by LR supplementation, and Haugh unit and yolk index were also similar to the control. Total number of Lactobacillus spp. in ileum and cecum fed LR supplemented diets were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in intestinal E. coli and Salmonella in all treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri culture can improve the laying performance, feed efficiency and intestinal Lactobacillus.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of total mixed rations (TMR) containing brewers grain, soybean curd and rice straw, respectively, on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty four Hanwoo steers (average body weight 168 kg) in 6 months age were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups, which contained 6 animals per group during 22-months feeding trial. The treatment was composed of the group fed concentrate and rice straw separately (T1), the group fed TMR containing brewers grain (T2), the group fed TMR containing soybean curd (T3) and the group fed TMR containing rice straw (T4). Body weight (BW) was not different among treatment groups during the growing and middle fattening period. However, it was significantly greater in T4 group than in T2 group on the final BW (p<0.05). Average daily gain was significantly greater in TMR groups compared to T1 group on the growing and late fattening (p<0.05). However, it was not different in total average. Dry matter intake tended to be increased in TMR groups. The feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in T4 group compare to T2 group (p<0.05). According to the yield traits, carcass weight of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 389.0, 368.4, 387.5 and 384.3 kg, respectively. The back fat thickness, rib-eye area, and yield index were not different among the groups. Meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were not significantly different among groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate of meat quality grade of over $1^+$ were greater in T2 and T3 groups compare to other groups. Therefore, these results indicated that TMR with brewers grain and soybean curd may be ameliorated the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.56-67
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• 1978

This study was conducted to characterize comparatively the accumulative patterns of protein and oil, temporal changes in electrophoretic components of proteins during seed development and maturation for the soybean varieties with high, medium and low protein contents. 1. The dry matter of the developing seed increases slowly for the first 22 days after flowering, followed by rapid linear increase for 20 to 30 days and further slow increase for 5 to 15 days attaining its maximum. During the period 12 to 27 days after flowering the protein content of seed increases rapidly while oil content increases rapidly. Following this period of rapid changes, there was period of slow increase until 40 to 47 days after flowering and no seizable further change in the content of both protein and oil. 2. The high protein variety, Saikai # 20, was characterized by shorter period and lower rate of decrease in protein content during the early period, followed by longer period and higher rate of increase in protein content, with earlier stop of oil accumlation during the seed development. 3. The low protein and high oil variety, Shelby, was characterized by longer period of decrease in protein content and shorter period of increase in protein content in contrast to the longer period of slow oil increase during seed development. 4. The temporal pattern of protein component accumulation during seed development was distinctly different among varieties differing in protein content. The time of distinct appearance of all the protein components identifiable in the matured seeds was in accordance with the end of d crease in the protein content of seed. A component having Rm of 0.03 which was absent in the matured seeds was identifiable during the first 17 days after flowering. 5. The high protein variety, Saikai # 20, had much higher compositioral ratio of the component a from the early days of seed development and it continued to increase until 47 days after flowering, while the increase in the composition of the component a stopped as early as 27 days after flowering in the other lower protein varieties. 6. The composition of the component b increased during the period from 17 to 42 days after flowering in all the varieties tested, but the rate of increase during the period was lowest in the high protein variety, Saikai # 20.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-55
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• 1991

This experiment was conducted to study the sparing effects of animal proteins on weight gain, nutrients utilizability and economic analysis of broiler. Experiment diet contained different ratio of animal and plant protein and were supplemented different levels of methionine and lysine for the respective protein levels. A total of 264 broiler chicks were fed four diets of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for 42 days from April 7, 1990 to May 19, 1990. Dietary protein levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for starter and finisher were 20~18, 18~16, 18~16 and 22~20%, respectively. Methionine and lysine levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were 0.4~1.1, 0.44~1.21, 0.48~1.32 and 0.48~1.32% for starter diet, respectively, and were 0.32~0.90. 0.35~0.99, 0.38~1.08 and 0.38~1.08% for finisher diet, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The birds fed control diet gained most for overall period. $T_3$ treatment which was high in protein, methionine and lysine levels gained most for finisher period. 2 The birds fed control diet consumed most feed, and the birds fed T$_3$ diet consumed least feed. for overall period. Feed conversion during 1~4 weeks was better in $T_1$ (1.51) and $T_2$ (1.53) than in control (1.61) and $T_3$ (1.63) . During 4~6weeks, feed conversion was better in $T_3$ (1.37) and control(1.58) than T, (2.05) and T, (2.16) (P＜0.01) 3. Dry matter, crude fiber and NFE utilizability were increased for 1~4 weeks and decreased for 4~6 weeks as methionine and lysine levels increased and crude protein utilizability tended to be increased as protein levels increased. 4. Abdominal fat content was lowest in bird fed control diet and was high in birds fed low protein diet Carcass percentage was highest at control and the abdominal fat content was higher in bird fed lower protein diet than bird fed other protein diets(P＜0.05). 5. Feed cost per kg weight gain was lowest at $T_3$ which contained more soybean oil meal than other feeds and next was control. According to the results of this experiment, it was revealed that optimum protein, methionine and lysine levels for starter and finisher broiler diet were 20~18, 0.4~0.32 and 1.1~0.9%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 1992

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of fly ash applications on growth and yield parameters of corn (Zea mays L.), and soil chemical properties. Corn height at silking stage, and height and dry matter ratio at harvesting stage were enhanced by applications of fly ashes derived from bituminous coal and anthracite, respectively. Effects of fly ash treatment on growth parameters of corn were varied with kinds and levels of fly ash application and growth periods, but relatively small without revealing a major negative effect as compared to the control. Yield of corn was increased by applying fly ash of anthracite origin, but other yield components were not influenced negatively by fly ash treatment. Soil total carbon contents, cation exchange capacity, and phosphorus contents of soils sampled after harvest of corn were significantly increased by fly ash treatment, although there were slightly different effects according to kinds and levels of fly ash application. Exchangeable cations of soils were varied within an experimental error range. Phosphorus taken up by corn was enhanced by treating fly ash of the bituminous coal to the soil and there were a positive correlation between phosphorus uptake and soil Phosphorus level. Cation uptake by corn was changed a little, but no significant reduction was observed in cation uptake due to fly ash treatment. It seems to be difficult to figure out the mechanism of fly ash effects on growth and nutrient uptake by corn with one year field experiment, however treatment of fly ash enhanced some parameters of growth and yield, and nutrient uptake by corn without revealing any major negative effects. To determine the value of fly ash as a fertilizer source, continuous researches under various soil and crop conditions were considered to be necessary.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of copper and zinc supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 72 $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ pigs (58.47 kg initial BW) were assigned to 6 treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design $(Zn\;levels{\times}Cu\;levels)$. The sources of zinc and copper were Zn-methionine chelate and Cu-methionine chelate, respectively. Zinc levels used were 80 and 120 ppm and copper levels used were 10, 30 and 60 ppm. Throughout the entire experimental period, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not significantly affected by Cu or Zn levels, or their relative levels. The G:F ratio was significantly affected by the relative levels of Cu and Zn (p<0.05), specifically at 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn. Dry matter digestibility was significantly affected by the levels of Cu (p<0.02), Zn (p<0.01) and the relative levels of each (p<0.04), in particular at 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn. Nitrogen digestibility was significantly affected by Zn levels (p<0.01) and the combination of 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn (p<0.03). The $L^*-value$, shear force, cooking loss and pH were not significantly affected by Cu levels, Zn levels or their combination. The $a^*- (p<0.04)\;and\;b^*- values (p<0.01)$ were significantly affected by Zn levels at 80 ppm. The Water hoding capacity was significantly affected by Cu and Zn in combination (p<0.01) at 10 ppm Cu and 120ppm Zn. The carcass weight, backfat thickness and carcass grade were not significantly affected by Cu levels, Zn levels or their relative levels. The carcass percentage was significantly affected by the combination (p<0.04) of 30ppm Cu and 120ppm Zn. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cu and Zn at 30 and 120 ppm, respectively, is effective for feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility and carcass percentage, while at the levels of Cu at 10 ppm and Zn at 120 ppm have effects on WHC.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1983

This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of dense planting on the growth and productivity in varieties of hot pepper at open field. Three varieties (Joseng jinheung, Weonkyo No. 304 and Bulam house Putgochu) were sowed on Jan. 30th and transplanted on May 12th. The planting densities used were 3,300, 5,500 and 8,300 plants per 10a. The results obtained are as follows: 1) With higher plant density, the plant shape was changed from open-type to upright-type and the yield was increased, presumably due to the increase of leaf area index. 2) LAI and SLA per unit area were increased by denser planting. Wonkyo No. 304 presented the highest LAI and the lowest SLA. 3) Dry matter weight per unit area was also increased, however the LW/SW ratio was tended to decrease on denser planting. 4) Through crop growth analysis, it was determined that CGR and NAR were increased during the early growth stages and became decreased from last June. 5) Light intensity under the canopy formed by denser planting was decreased by 40% measured at 60 ㎝ above the soil surface. The vertical distribution of fruits became concentrated the upper part of plant. Fruit yield per unit area in denser planting was increased as compared to the conventional planting. The number of fruit setting decreased. 6) Generally, no differences in yield were detected in comparison between denser planting and conventional planting harvested on Aug. 30th and Oct. 15th, respectively. But Weonkyo No. 304 increased yield by 18% in denser planting.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.783-792
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary level of extruded poultry manure, corn and tapioca mixture (EPM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and body composition in korean native goats. Total 15 heads of Korean native goats (10 kg B.W.) were randomly assigned into five treatment groups (EPM 10, 20, 30, 40% and control.) and feeding trial was done for six weeks with ad libitum. Protein level of the extrudate with poultry manure was directly proportional to corn supplements rate. NFE and Ca content in EPM also were functional of the tapioca supplements levels. Daily body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in EPM 40% group, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Concentrate feed intake was high in EPM 10 to 30% groups, compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio also was relatively higher in EPM groups than in the control. As EPM level increased, dry matter digestibility was proportionally decreased, but that of crude protein was enhanced. Dressed carcass percentage was significantly (p<0.05) reduced with the increase of EPM level, showing control 49.7, EPM 10% 49.8, EPM 20% 48.3, EPM 30% 47.9 and EPM 40% 45.2, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1987

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of magnesium- and boronenriched complex fertilizer ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O-MgO-B_2O_3$ : 8-25-7-3-0.2) compared with some straight fertilizers on the hilly pasture establishment. This second part was concerned with the changes in the forage yields, yield components, botanical and chemical compositions in a mixed grassclover sward (orchardgrass, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and ladino clover). The results from a two-year experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Dry matter yields of whole mixed forages were significantly reduced in control by 54.5% and the NK-plot ($P_o$ by 35.0%, compared with the normal NPK-plots. 2. The yields of oversown grasses were significantly reduced in control by 79.7% and the NKplot ($P_o$) by 52.196, compared with the normal NPK applications. At the normal NPK applications, the oversown grasses were lowest in the yields when provided with double superphosphate with no significant differences. The yields of weeds were not significantly influenced by the treatments. 3. The significant differences in the legume yields (relative yield, %) were laid in the follow. ing increasing order; complex fertilizer (178.5%) > NPK-fused superphosphate (139.5%) > NPK-double superphosphate (100.0%) = control > NK (51.1%). The legume yield was much more depressed in the NK-plot ($P_o$) than in control ($N_oP_oK_o$). 4. The rate of oversown grasses and whole forages were increased by the normal NPK applications, showing little difference among the kinds of fertilizers. It was recognized that the application of complex fertilizer contributed to the increasing of legume rate in the mixed sward. This contribution turned out to be due to the rather enhanced performance and yield-increase of legume, compared with the straight fertilizers. 5. With the NK-treatment ($P_o$) the P concentration in mixed forages dropped below the critical level (0.2%). The Mg concentrations in mixed forages were lower in all the plots than the critical level (0.2%). Therefore, a sufficient amount of Mg was desirably to be applied It is recommended that, in relation to its effectiveness and simplification of fertilizer application, the application of this complex fertilizer for pasture establishment be carried out. The change of the constituent ratio of complex fertilizer to the standard of "8 - 15-20 - 7 - 5-10 - 0.2" considering the need of sufficient Mg supply and the continuous accumulation of P in the top-surface soil is possibly recommended.commended.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.203-218
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• 1975

In order to investigate the compositional change oil composts during the growing of cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), composts and mushrooms during the period of filling to ending under commercial conditions were subjected to chemical analyses. The results are summarized as follows and the mechanism of composting for mushroom cultivation was proposed. 1) The temperature change of growing bed and room was observed and the yield of mushroom for each cropping time was recorded to get $15.6kg/m^2$ in total crops. 2) Composts after filling showed pH 8.2 which dropped to 6.4 after casing and continued so up to ending. 3) On the dry weight basis of composts, crude ash increased whereas total nitrogen, ether extract and crude fibre decreased gradually to bring about the lowering of organic matter. 4) Total nitrogen of composts decreased gradually and more insoluble nitrogen was lost than soluble nitrogen. The C/N ratio of composts was initially 21 which was gradually lowered to 16. 5) The losses of ${\alpha}-cellulose$, pentosan and lignin in composts were 87%, 75%, and 60%, respectively, in which ${\alpha}-cellulose$ decreased markedly after casing. 6) Free reducing sugars of composts increased continuously. Gradually increased free amino acids till second cropping decreased again thereafter. Composts at the filling stage contained alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and serine in which glycine decreased markedly whereas proline increased remarkably upon mushroom cultivation. 7) Among minerals of composts, phosphorus and zinc tended to decrease, potassium and copper tended to increase anti sodium showed no marked change. 8) In comparison of mushrooms from different cropping time with respect to proximate composition, minerals, free reducing sugars and amino acids, no marked difference was observed. However, a little higher values were observed in crude fat, free reducing sugars and sodium content for early crops and in free amino acids and phosphorus content for late crops. Twelve free amino acids including alanine, serine, threonine, and glutamic acid were detected in the cultivated mushroom. 9) According to above experimental results, it was possible to support the mechanism of compositing that the formation of ammonia and decomposition of carbohydrates by mesophiles are followed by protein biosynthesis, formation of microbial bodies and nitrogen-rich lignin humus complex by thermophiles, thus supplying necessary nutrients for mushroom growth, along with residual carbohydrates.