• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2012

Indigo crop, Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross is an annual plant containing natural colorant, the blue dye indigo, and local cultivars had been cultivated to produce natural indigo for textile dyeing in Korea since ancient times. Naju No. 2 is a new mass-selected line from the mother population, Naju Local cultivar. In this study, two breeding lines of Naju Local and Naju No. 2, have been cultivated in four different locations, the South regions of Korea, to compare plant growth and yield characteristics between two lines. Naju No. 2 was higher in plant height, and Naju Local has more 1st branches. Naju No. 2 has larger leaf area and higher width/length ratio of leaf, showing the round leaf type as morphological stable character without regional differences. Though there was considerable regional variation in fresh and dry top weight of harvested plant, the significant difference of plant weight between two lines were not shown. The ratio of leaf to total shoot of dry weight of Naju No. 2 was higher than one of Naju Local, indicating that Naju No. 2 has better yielding of colorant which is synthesized mostly in leaf. Naju No. 2 contained more Niram (crude indigo extract) and indigo, and showed much blueness at dyeing of silk using fresh leaves than Naju Local. We concluded that a new line, Naju No. 2 could be a superior cultivar due to having higher leaf yield and better quality of natural colorant than Naju local cultivar.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.114-127
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• 2015

In the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), ozone ($O_3$) concentration is still higher than in other urban areas in developed countries. In order to reveal the current state of photochemical air pollution and to provide data for validation of chemical transport models, vertical profiles of meteorological parameters and ozone concentrations were measured by ozonesonde in two field campaigns: the first one, during the change of season from wet to dry-cold (November 2011) and the second during the dry-warm season (March 2012). Unlike previous similar field campaigns, ozonesonde was launched twice daily. The observation data were used to analyze the production and distribution of ozone in the convective boundary layer. The observation days covered a wide range of meteorological conditions, and various profiles were obtained. The evolution of the mixing layer (ML) height was analyzed, revealing that ML evolution was faster during daytime in March 2012 than in November 2011. On a day in November 2011, the early-morning strong wind and the resulting vertical mixing was observed to have brought the high-ozone-concentration air-mass to the ground and caused relatively high surface ozone concentration in the morning. The amount of produced ozone in the MCMA was estimated by taking the difference between the two profiles on each day. In addition to the well-known positive correlation between daily maximum temperature and ozone production, effect of the ML height and wind stagnation was identified for a day in March 2012 when the maximum ground-level ozone concentration was observed during the two field campaigns. The relatively low ventilation coefficient in the morning and the relatively high value in the afternoon on this day implied efficient accumulation of the $O_3$ precursors and rapid production of $O_3$ in the ML.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.292-300
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• 2016

Diverse and comprehensive countermeasures were established to prevent water pollution in coastal areas such as constructed wetlands(CW).This study was conducted to assess the water quality improvement through CW constructed along the shoreline of Hwaseong coastal reservoir. The CW is located in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do and consisted of a forebay and a wetland. The CW was monitored twice during rainy days and 10 times during dry days. The monitoring results indicated that in and out flowrates were highly correlated with COD and TN loads. COD, TN and TP concentrations in the forebay was lower during dry days than rainy days. However, concentration and mass removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP were greater during rainy days. In addition, the volume flowing into the CW was less compared to the outflow during rainy days indicating that the CW efficiently reduced the runoff volume. The overall pollutant removal efficiency of the CW were at least 50% for TSS, 20 to 35% for TP, and 26 to 94% for TN. The data gathered may be used to improve the pollutant removal efficiency of the system in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2001

Compostable household wastes(mainly food wastes), after waste papers and cardboard being removed, were daily fed into small bins and mixed thoroughly while the air was supplied into the bin. Three small bins were employed: in case I, only recycled compost was composted, after being once fed at the beginning of composting, in case II, compostable household wastes(less than 50 mm) torn roughly by the hands with recycled compost, and in case III, compostable household wastes(less than 2 mm) ground by a kitchen mixer for vegetables with recycled compost. The straight-line was maintained between the wet or the dry residual mass of composting mixture versus composting time date(the coefficient of determination $R^2{\geq}0.98$ for the wet and $R^2{\geq}0.90$ for the dry). The decomposition rate of each composted material was estimated during composting. The total weight reduction rate after 30 days was 67.86% and 66.14% for case II and III, respectively. For case II, the daily weight reduction 6.82% and the daily decomposition rate 8.81% with the composting mixture, but the daily weight reduction rate was 56.43% and the daily decomposition rate 19.26% with only compostable household wastes. For case III, the daily reduction rate was 6.93% and the daily decomposition rate 7.70% with the composting mixture, but the daily weight reduction rate was 53.30% and the daily decomposition rate 22.95% with only compostable household wastes. The physicochemical characteristics of composting mixture did not show much difference between case II and III as was expected.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.601-610
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of supplemental UV-B application to the hardening phase of container-grown Betula platyphylla seedlings. The containerized seedlings were grown in a growth chamber for four months and then treated with UV-B(UV-$B_{BE}$ $3.2KJ\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ and $5.2KJ\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$) radiation and water stress regime(irrigation in one week interval) for four weeks. The differences in growth and physiological responses of the seedlings before and after the treatments were analyzed. UV-B radiation and water stress reduced height growth and leaf dry mass accumulation of the seedlings. The root collar diameter growth was reduced by UV-B radiation but increased by water stress. The reduction in leaf dry weight by UV-B radiation and water stress reduced T/R ratio of the seedling. The reduction in T/R ratio was the most apparent by water stress. Chlorophyll index observed by a chlorophyll meter was the lowest in the $5.2KJ\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ of UV-B radiation, and those in the $3.2KJ\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ and water stress were similar. UV-B radiation and water stress reduced both water content in the seedlings and leaf water potential, and increased leaf osmatic pressure. The water content of leaves and shoots was reduced more rapidly by UV-B radiation than by water stress treatment. In conclusion, growth responses and physiological changes in water relation by supplemental UV-B radiation which was applied to the hardening phase of container-grown Betula platyphylla seedlings were similar results to the water stress treatment.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to select optimum hydroponic systems for clean and mass production for shoot and root of Echinacea. E. purpurea and E. angustifolia. were grown at 5 different kinds of hydroponic systems; NFT, modified NFT, DFT, aeroponics, and Ebb & Flow for 150 days. The lowest photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were in Ebb & Flow system in E. purpurea and E. angustifolia at 120 days after transplanting. The shoot fresh and dry weight were high in aeroponic and DFT system of E. angustifolia and in aeroponic and NFT system of E. purpurea at 150 days after transplanting. The root fresh and dry weight of both species were the highest in aeroponic system and next to modified NFT system. They were increased in NFT and Ebb & Flow system for the root length and in aeroponic system for the number of tillering. The results demonstrate that aeroponic system was the most effective for enhancement shoot and root biomass of Echinacea spp. in hydroponics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 2017

This research was performed to develop mass propagation method of Alpine modest primrose (Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz.) for improving the conservation and utilization of the species. Seeds were collected on August 2011 in Jeju-city and well-selected seeds were dry-stored at $4{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$. Seed size ranged $0.44{\pm}0.07{\times}0.61{\pm}0.04mm$, and weight of 1,000 seeds was $51.78{\pm}0.021mg$. Thus the seed was classified as 'dwarf seeds'. As the result of dormancy characteristics, moisture content of freshly matured seeds increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment and seeds did not germinate at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks under the light condition. Therefore, seeds were estimated to have physiological dormancy. Germination conditions of dry-stored seeds were found to be $20^{\circ}C$ and light condition, and seeds did not germinated under dark condition regardless of all temperature regimes. Therefore, Alpine modest primrose seed was considered as photoblastic type. Percent germination (PG) and germination energy (GE) were greatly improved by soaking the seeds in $GA_3$ and kinetin for 24 hours. Especially, 200~500 mg/L $GA_3$ treatment resulted in the highest PG (95.5%) and GE (98.3%). So, chemical treatment such as $GA_3$ was thought to be a useful method for raising seedling uniformly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Objective: We compare the effects of three different approved sources of supplemental zilpaterol on growth-performance responses and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. Methods: Twenty four Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($46.75{\pm}2.43kg$) were used in a 33-day feeding trial. Lambs were fed a dry rolled corn-based finishing diet. Treatments consisted of the non-supplemental basal diet (Control) versus the basal diet supplemented with 125 mg zilpaterol/kg of diet (as fed basis) from three commercial sources marketed in Mexico: Zilmax (ZIL), Grofactor, and Zipamix. Results: Compared to controls, zilpaterol (ZH) supplementation did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), but increased carcass adjusted daily weight gain (ADG, 36.7%), gain efficiency (34.2%), and dietary net energy (26.0%), and decreased (23.4%) the ratio of observed:expected DMI. Compared to controls, supplemental ZH increased hot carcass weight (6.4%), dressing percentage (3.2%), m. longissimus thoracis (LM) area (15.6%), and shoulder muscle:fat ratio (28.7%), but decreased kidney-pelvic-heart fat, and fat thickness. Supplemental ZH increased 10.9% and 14.3% whole cut weight of loin and leg, respectively, and the proportion (as percentage of cold carcass weight) of leg (4.3%). These increases were reflected in greater forequarter and hindquarter weights. Lambs fed ZH increased (4.6%) empty body weight (EBW) and reduced (14.7%) liver/spleen weight (as g/kg EBW). Likewise, ZH supplementation tended (p = 0.08) to lower (8.9%) visceral fat. Growth performance, energetic efficiency, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, LM area and whole cuts were not different across supplemental ZH sources. However, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreased carcass fat distribution, including fat thickness, percentage kidney pelvic and heart fat, shoulder fat, and visceral fat. Conclusion: Supplemental ZH increases ADG, gain efficiency, carcass dressing percentage, and LM area. The magnitude of these responses was similar among ZH sources. Nevertheless, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreases carcass fat. The basis for this is uncertain, but indicative that some practical differences in zilpaterol bio-equivalency may exist across commercial sources tested.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2006

An antagonistic strain, Burkholderia MP-1, showed antimicrobial activity against various filamentous plant pathogenic fungi, yeasts and food borne bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene (1491 pb) of strain MP-1 exhibited close similarity (99-100%) with other Burkholderia 16S rRNA genes. Isolation of the antibiotic substances from culture broth was fractionated by ethyl acetate (EtOAc) solvent and EtOAc-soluble acidic fraction. The antibiotic substances were purified through a silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Four active substances were identified as phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate methyl ester by gas chromatographic-mass spectrum analysis. The minimum inhibition of concentration (MIC) of each active compound inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested at 250 to $2500{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$. The antimicrobial activity of crude acidic fraction at 1 mg of dry weight per 6 mm paper disc was more effective than authentic standard mixture (four active substances were mixed with the same ratio as acidic fraction) over a wide range of bacterial test.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2001

Mass reduction and physicochemical properties of the produced compost were investigated during composting domestic food wastes without additive. A small composter used in this study had the height of 15 cm from the center of bottom half circle (diameter 24 cm) up to under the lid, the side length of 50 cm and the horizontal lid angle of $50^{\circ}$ and was operated at the heating unit temperature of $85^{\circ}$. It was mixed by the rotating arm for two minutes in every half hour while supplied with air flow at 3 L/min for 10 minutes in every half hour. This condition was found in a preliminary experiment as optimal for keeping the water content of composting material in the optimal range without adding any bulking materials. The domestic food wastes were added into the composter at the rate of 1 kg/day without additives during composting. The results were as follows; during the composting process, water content maintained in the range of $51.0{\sim}53.5%$. Hemicellulose and lignin contents did not show any tendency, but cellulose content decreased. During the composting process, $NH_3-N$ and $NO_2-N$ were not detected due to nitrification. The contents of inorganic compounds did not increase during the composting process. They were in the range of $1.32{\sim}1.71%\;P_2O_5$, $1.29{\sim}1.48%\;CaO$, $0.41{\sim}0.49%\;MgO$, and $0.38{\sim}0.74%\;K_2O$. For 20 days, weight reduction rate was 67.5% in wet basis, and decomposition rate was 48% in dry basis. Concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg, As) was less than the limiting value of the compost. Maturity of the produced compost was 3 grade through reaching maximum temperature of $46{\sim}48^{\circ}C$.