• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.207-217
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• 2014

Many a number of policies have been tried to reduce auto accidents so far, but it is obvious that further studies are still needed to find a more fundamental and multi-dimensional preventive measure with effect. The National Mental Health Statistics shows that the most profound forms of negative emotions, that is, depression and anxiety, have been increasing, but studies on such a topic are scarce to find. Therefore, we conducted a structural analysis between the negative emotions, including depression and anxiety, of drivers and their driving behaviors using a Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) technique. The review of past literature and studies indicated that not all of human emotions manifest themselves as the ultimate behaviors because they go through emotion regulation Strategies. For this reason, the purpose of this study was set to analyze the structural model developed in this study reflecting the emotion regulation strategies. The result of our analysis showed that the driver's negative emotion had a more significant influence on dangerous driving behaviors than safe ones, and especially, the expressive suppression strategy was found to be the highest factor. Also, the total effect analysis with the negative emotional factors showed that expressive suppression had more significant influence compared to that of cognitive reappraisal. The implication of this study might provide a better understanding on driving behaviors of the drivers and could be used as a fundamental study for future policy development to reduce traffic accidents.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-120
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• 2020

Using driving simulation, this study investigated the effects of driver's trust in the adaptive cruise control (ACC) system and road density on driver's workload and situation awareness. The drivers were allocated into one of four experimental conditions manipulated by ACC system trust level (trust-increased vs. trust-decreased) and road congestion (high vs. low). The workload and situational awareness of the participants were measured as dependent variables. The results showed followings. First, trust-decreased group for the ACC system had significantly lower trust scores for the system in all of the measurement items, including reducing the driving load and securing safe driving due to the use of this system, than the trust-increased group. Second, the trust-decreased group showed a slower reaction time in the secondary tasks and higher subjective workload than trust-increased group. Third, in contrast, the situational awareness for the driving situation was significantly higher in the trust-decreased group than trust-increased group. The results of this study showed that the driver's trust in the ACC system can affect the various information processing performed while driving. Also, these results suggest that trust in the user's system should be considered as an important variable in the design of an automated driving assistance system.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.29-40
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• 2014

The positive relationship between older driver's mobility and life satisfaction is well established(e. g., Collins, 2008). The present study showed that this relationship can be changed by older drivers' motivation, aspects of mobility, and affectivity. Specifically, this study examined whether aspects of mobility(amount of driving measured by travel distance and time: 'AD' or amount of driving for social activity: 'DSA') can be differed as a function of approach/avoidance motivation(measured by BIS/BAS scale, Carver et al., 1994) and positive/negative affect(PA/NA; measured by SPANAS, Diener et al., 2009) mediate the relationship between the aspects of mobility and life satisfaction(measured by SWLS, Diener et al., 1985). Self-reported scores of the variables of 132 older drivers(ages of over 65) were analyzed using correlation analysis and path analysis. The results can be summarized as followings. First, the older driver's BAS was found to be positively related to DSA, but BIS was negatively to AD. In particular, DSA positively mediated the relationship between BAS and PA. Second, PA, in turn, positively mediated the relationship between DSA and life satisfaction. The results can provide useful insights to understand the relationship between older driver's driving property, motivation, affectivity and life satisfaction.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1998

운전자의 안전과 감성적 요구사항이 중요시 되는 차세대 자동차의 IP(Instrument Panel) 설계를 위해 운전자으 인지특성을 고려하였다. 오디어 유닛과 HVAC(Heat, Ventilation and Air Condition)등의 주요 IP 구성요소 설계에 중점을 두었으며, 운전자의 인지특성과 가장부합하는 형태의 IP를 도출하기 위해 인지실험을 실시하였다. 첫 번째로, 기존의 차량에 설계된 IP 궁성요소를 분석하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 버튼의 수와 배열, LCD패널의 위치등을 조합하여 총 16개의 IP 프로토타입을 제작하였다. 다음으로, 제작된 프로타입을 각각 0.2, 0.4, 0.6초의 간격으로 Tachisto scope를 이용하여 피실험자에게 제시한후, 인간의 인지 지도(Human cognitive Map)에 근거한 '그리가 방법(Drawing Method)'을 이용하여 그들의 단기기억(Short-term Memory)상의 정보를 주어진 답안지에 그리도록 하였다. 이 인지실험의 다구찌 분석을 통하여 운전자의 인지특성을 고려한 최적의 IP형태를 제시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.262-266
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 가상환경 및 시뮬레이션에서 활용이 가능한 인체 모델을 개발하였다. 한국인 인체 측정 자료를 바탕으로 각 지체에 대한 기구학적 특성치와 상관관계를 얻고 인체 모델을 구성하였다. 인체 모델은 17개의 독립된 지체들로 구분되며 조인트로 연결된다. 구성된 모델은 가상환경의 신 그래프(scene graph)상에 자료화되고 DCS를 이용하여 애니메이션이 가능하도록 하였다. Madymo를 이용하여 차량 운전자의 전방 충돌 및 범퍼 통과시 지체의 거동을 해석하고 그 결과 값을 변환하여 OpenGL Performer 라이브러리를 통해 가상 공간에 가시화하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1998

The objectice of this study is to dvaluate the physical condition response of a drever by the change of CO$^{2}$ concentration in the automobile with EEG spectrum analysis. The experiment was performed in a semi-shielded simulated automobile with 10 healthy adults. The results showed that as CO$_{2}$ concentration increased from 500ppm to 6,000ppm, the $\alpha$' value significantly decreased(p*<0.05) while $\beta$' increased (p*<0.05). In a real parked automobile with 2 adult passengers, the CO$_{2}$ gas concintration reached at 6,000ppm in 15 minutes. These spectral data are in well agreement with the subject's verval statement of experiencing uncomfortableness when CO$_{2}$gas was increased ti over 5,000ppm. These results indecated that the EEG spectrum analysis can be appropriately used to assess physical condition of a driver in the changing automobile environment.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.25-34
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• 1999

The objective of this study is to evaluate the emotional change of a driver according to the change of temperature, humidity, $CO_2$ gas concentration and $C_4H_{10}$ gas concentration in the automobile by electroencephalogram(EEG) spectrum analysis. The experiment was performed in an automobile simulated shielding room with healthy volunteers(age : 18-31, male : 14, female : 7). The subject's emotion at every different condition was indexed 11-point scale(+5 : most pleasant, -5 : least pleasant). The emotion index at each condition resulted in as follows; in temperature $1.00(23.5^{\circ}C)$, $-2.33(30.5^{\circ}C)$, in humidity 1.50(45%), -1.50(65%), in $CO_2$ gas concentration 0.67(500ppm), -0.57(6,000ppm), in $C_4H_{10}$ gas concentration -0.25(0ppm), -2.75(1,200ppm). From EEG spectrum analysis, the average mean power frequency(MPF) value at each different condition was shown as follows; in temperature $5.48(23.5^{\circ}C)$, $4.06(30.5^{\circ}C)$, in humidity 11.03(45%), 3.03(65%), in $CO_2$ gas concentration 7.16(500ppm), 6.38(6,000ppm), in $C_4H_{10}$ gas concentration 10.21(0ppm), 2.87(1,200ppm). When the environment became unpleasant to the subject, all of the obtained MPF values were decreased. It was found that there is close agreement between subjective evaluation by subject's scaling and objective evaluation by EEG spectrum analysis at different environment. These results indicated that the EEG spectrum analysis is a proper method to assess emotional response of a driver in the changing automobile environment.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.3-18
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• 2014

In this study, drivers' longitudinal car control, subjective fatigue, and perceived fidelity were compared between 2D and 3D display driving simulation. The results can be summarized as followings. First, in all target speed conditions, the drivers tended to drove faster in 2D display condition than 3D display condition. Second, speed deviation from target speed increased as target speed decreased. Third, distances between the lead vehicle and the driver's vehicle were significantly reduced in the 3D display condition when the speeds of the lead vehicle were relatively fast(i. e., over 80km/h). Fourth, although the perceived fidelity was not significantly different between the two display conditions, subjective fatigue was higher in the 3D display condition than in the 2D display condition.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to understand human sensory and emotional response according to car noise. This study investigated human stress levels from car noise based on the data of electro-encephalogram (EEG) and subjective evaluation analysis data. Since there are few previous works on the effect of car noise on human's reaction, more profound research about the effect of car noise on driver's emotion would be worth performing. Subjects were exposed to five different kinds of car noises. EEG data were collected while the subject was exposed to noise. In order to process EEG data, FFT analysis was used to separate the collected EEG data into ${\alpha}$-wave and ${\beta}$-wave. Also, survey was performed to carry out subjective evaluation. The results of the subjective evaluation were closely correlated to those found in the EEG signal analysis. The results from this study may provide useful information for mitigating car noise induced stress.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-206
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• 2013

The main causes of traffic accidents while driving a car is of the driver's visual distraction. In this study, the color sensitivity of the information projected on the windshield were evaluated for HUD (Head Up Display) system which helps the driver's eyes on the road while driving. The driving Information were projected $9^{\circ}$ downward from front sight $0^{\circ}$ under lab's fluorescent lights, LED floorlights and the TV had having 25 [lux] illumination when driving at night environment and 100,000 [lux] of daylight environment. Munsell color hue of the basic five colors (R, Y, G, B, P) and the color of traffic lights YR, W were the color of the seven characters, each character were outlined by White, Gray except for W. Total of 19 experimental stimuli was shown in the environment of day and night driving for asking visibility information of color, fatigue, preferences, and evaluate the degree of interference. The results came out that the bright Y and G color is visibility significantly for daylight. Second, with the outline of the text, the color of the outline works as a background for luminance contrast effects and affects visibility. Third, without the outline, the glass in front of the vehicle acts as the background and the luminance contrast of characters achieve greater brightness and visibility. The luminance contrast between the stimuli and background should be considered for increasing color visibility for driving information which is an important factor for HUD commercialization.