• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2014

This study investigated the influences of pair activity on characteristics of science imaginary pictures drawn by elementary school students and their perceptions of science imaginary drawing. To do this, fourth graders (N=123) from one of the elementary schools were selected and assigned to individual science imaginary drawing (n=61) and paired science imaginary drawing (n=62) groups. The students of each group were administered the questionnaires. The analyses of the results indicated that pair science imaginary drawing was useful in some cognitive aspects (e.g., the understanding of science imaginary drawing, the diversification of topics and times, the generation of scientific ideas, and the elaboration of the pictures) and motivational aspects (e.g., the inducement of interest and intimacy about science, interest about science imaginary drawing, and sociability with friends). However, there were some limitations in positively changing the perceptions of some cognitive aspects (e.g., the acquirement of new scientific knowledge, the remembrance of scientific knowledge, the improvement of the ability to construct scientific logics, and the improvement of scientific imagination) and aesthetic aspects (e.g., the improvement of the abilities to express themes in drawing, paint the picture, and complete the works of art). In addition, the difficulties in imagining, selecting the subject, and expressing could not be overcome; a few disadvantages in the lack of discussion skills were also pointed out.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the simultaneous abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on the muscle activity of the ipsilateral trunk and leg during proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) leg flexion, adduction, and external rotation with knee flexion (D1) patterns. Methods: The participants were 20 healthy adult males and females (18 males and 2 females). The maneuvers were performed by a physical therapist who fully understands the PNF leg patterns (D1) and their application in clinical practice. The participants were trained and allowed to practice for 15 minutes prior to applying ADIM, to ensure adequate learning as evidenced by the pressure biofeedback unit. In this study, we measured the muscle activity of the trunk and leg when the PNF leg pattern (D1) was performed by the physical therapist either sustaining or releasing the ADIM. Muscle activity was measured on the right transverse abdominis muscle (TRA), the external abdominal oblique muscle (EO), the internal abdominal oblique muscle (IO), the erector spinae muscle (ES), the vastus medialis oblique muscle (VMO), the vastus lateralis oblique muscle (VLO), and the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) and compared using the mean values from averaging three repeated measurements. Results: The muscle activity of the transversus abdominis, the external abdominal oblique, the internal abdominal oblique, the vastus medialis oblique, and the vastus lateralis oblique was significantly greater (p < 0.05), and the muscle activity of the erector spinae was significantly less (p < 0.05) during PNF leg pattern (D1) when the ADIM contraction was sustained compared to when it was not. Conclusion: These results suggest that sustaining ADIM during PNF leg pattern (D1) training increases the trunk and leg muscle activity, resulting in more effective training.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2024

Background: The serratus anterior (SA) is a muscle that performs protraction of the scapulothoracic joint and plays a role in stabilizing the scapula. Imbalances or weaknesses in SA activation are associated with a variety of shoulder dysfunctions, making selective SA strengthening important for rehabilitation. Objects: We aimed to compare the muscle activation of the pectoralis major (PM), SA, external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) during the push-up plus (PUP) exercise with isometric hip adduction (HA) and abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM). Methods: Nineteen healthy male participants performed three PUP exercises: standard PUP, PUP with ADIM, and PUP with HA. Surface electromyography was used to measure and analyze the muscle activity for PM, SA, EO, and IO. Results: PUP with HA showed the lowest PM activity and highest SA activity, and no significant difference was observed between PUP and PUP with ADIM. PUP with ADIM showed significantly the highest EO and IO activity, followed by PUP with HA and PUP. Additionally, PUP with HA showed the lowest PM/SA ratio, and no significant difference was noted between PUP and PUP with ADIM. Conclusion: PUP with HA was able to show high SA muscle activity while reducing PM muscle activity. In addition, PUP with HA can lead to higher EO and IO muscle activity than standard PUP. This exercise could be used as a practical exercise method to selectively strengthen SA and improve scapular muscle stability during early shoulder rehabilitation.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2013

This study evaluated Kinetic Family Drawing according to preschoolers' external problem behavior. To achieve this, 120 preschoolers who were four or five years old were investigated and data were statistically analyzed using mean, and chi square analysis with the SPSS Win 13.0 program. The preschoolers' family drawings were analyzed by using the method in Kinetic Family Drawing(Burns & Kaufman, 1972). First, regarding characteristics, the preschoolers in the aggression group rotated certain person or drew the figure from behind, the preschoolers in the delinquency group drew long arms, the figure from behind, and angular forms. Second, regarding action depicted, the preschoolers in both aggression and delinquency groups perceived the lower activity level of their fathers, dangerous situations, and excluded family interaction. Third, regarding symbols, the preschoolers in the delinquency group drew objects such as balls. Finally, regarding drawing style, the preschoolers in the delinquency group drew edges and underline.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2021

Purpose : This study was conducted to find out the effect on the activity of trunk and lower limbs muscles during abdominal drawing-in bridging exercises by verbal cue on the unstable supporting surface after pelvic rearward sloping taping for trunk stabilization movement. Methods : The study subjects were recruited by using the on-campus bulletin boards for healthy adult males and females in their 20s attending K University in Changwon-city, South Gyeongsang Province. The subjects were 30 persons (15 males and 15 females) who agreed to the study purpose in accordance with the criteria for selection and exclusion. Results : The results were obtained by measuring the muscle activity of the trunk and lower limbs during abdominal drawing-in bridging exercises by verbal cue on the unstable supporting surface after pelvic fixed tapping. The effects on erector spinae and hamstring muscles was statistically significantly lower (p<.05), it was confirmed that there were no statistically significant differences between the multifidus and gluteus maximus muscle (p>.05). Conclusion : Through this study, it was found that the excessive flexion of the waist was significantly reduced from erector spinalis and hamstring muscle after abdominal drawing-in bridging exercises by verbal cue on the unstable supporting surface after pelvic rearward sloping tapping compared to the general bridging exercises.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

This present study investigated the effects of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and chin tuck (CT) on middle thoracic erector spinae, lower thoracic erector spinae, and lumbar erector spinae muscle activity during three prone thoracic extension (PTE) exercises. Twelve healthy subjects performed preferred PTE, ADIM PTE, and ADIM-CT PTE. Surface electromyography was used to collect data on the muscle activity of dominant middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscles and the lumbar erector spinae. Middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity significantly increased when ADIM and CT was performed (p<.05). However, lumbar erector spinae muscle activity significantly decreased in ADIM PTE compared to preferred PTE (p=.017) and significantly increased in ADIM-CT PTE compared to ADIM PTE (p=.004). In conclusion, ADIM-CT PTE effectively increased middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity, and ADIM PTE decreased lumbar erector spinae muscle activity. Hence, ADIM PTE could be a recommended exercise maneuver to strengthen thoracic erector spinae without over activation of lumbar erector spinae.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.177-203
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• 2012

The purpose of this research was to look at whether small group drawing activities can be applied to learning content that combine mathematics and art, by analyzing the changes in $10^{th}$ grade students' interests in mathematics and particular features of their strategic thinking that were reflected in small group drawing activities using graphs and inequations. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The small group drawing activity using graphs and inequations demonstrated that students interests in mathematics could experience positive changes. 2. The small group drawing activity using graphs and inequations was effective in stimulating the students' strategic thinking skills, which are higher level thinking activities necessary for creating problem solving. As the students went through the whole process of accomplishing a complete goal, the students engaged in integrated thinking activities that brought understandings of basic graphs and inequations together, and were also found to use such higher level thinking functions needed in achieving creative problem solving such as critical thinking, flexible thinking, development-oriented thinking, and inferential thinking. 3. The small group drawing activity using graphs and in equations could be expected to constitute learning content that integrate mathematics and art, and is an effective solution in boosting students' strengths in mathematics by way of activities that consider students' unique cognitive and qualitative peculiarities and through integration with art.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.233-244
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• 2005

This study examined the effect of visual art appreciation integrated with expression(integrated art appreciation) upon young children's drawing expression. The pretest-posttest control group design was chosen for the study. Twenty kindergarten children assigned to the experimental group were exposed to a program of integrated appreciation activity for 10 sessions. Another group of 20 kindergarten children were assigned to the control group taught by the traditional art teaching methods. Analysis of Covariance was applied for data analysis. Children in the experimental group showed higher scores in such drawing expressions as line, color, shape, composition, and theme.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

An abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a pressure biofeedback unit can be used to prevent excessive lumbar lordosis during bridging exercise. Therefore, in this research, the effects of an ADIM on lumbar lordosis and lower extremity muscle activity during bridging exercise were investigated in thirty healthy adults. Surface electromyography (EMG) and VICON system were used to collect kinematic data and muscle activity, respectively. A paired t-test was used to determine a statistical significance. The results showed as follows: (1) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the height of the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter decreased significantly (p<.05). (2) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the trunk extension angle and pelvic angle increased significantly (p<.05). (3) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude increased significantly in the rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique abdominis, medial hamstring, and lateral hamstring (p<.05). (4) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude decreased significantly in the erector spinae (p<.05). From the result of this research, an ADIM trained with pressure biofeedback unit during bridging exercise is effective to prevent excessive contraction of erector spinae, to limit excessive motion of pelvis from sagittal plane and to increase muscle activity of abdominal muscles and hamstring muscle.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1745-1748
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• 2005

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to monitor brain activation by measuring changes in the concentration of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) by their different spectra in the near-infrared range. Because NIRS is a noninvasive, highly flexible and portable device, it is very suitable to study brain activation when a human repeatedly performs a manipulative task, and possibly provides useful information to construct human adaptive mechatronics (HAM). There is some evidence that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a major role in working memory and it is proposed that the use of working memory decreases as a human develops manipulative skills. In the present study, we investigated the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of the brain in Brodmann's areas 9 and 46 in drawing tasks to examine whether NIRS can measure the changes of DLPFC activation as a human develops manipulative skills. Subjects performed a mirror image drawing task and a square drawing task by ones' left hands. In the mirror image task the subject drew following a star shape based on a mirror image of it, but square drawing did not involve mirror image and was estimated to be simpler. The changes of the concentration of oxy-Hb was higher in the mirror image drawing than the square drawing in most subjects. The changes of oxy-Hb decreased as the subject repeated the drawing task in most subjects. In conclusion, The activation of DLPFC measured by NIRS can reflect the brain activity in the development of manipulative skills.