• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2017

Sinabung volcano in Indonesia was formed due to the subduction between the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates along the Pacific Ring of Fire. After being dormant for about 400 years, Sinabung volcano erupted on the 29th of August, 2010 and most recently on the 1st of November, 2016. We measured the deformation of Sinabung volcano using Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar(ALOS/PALSAR) interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR) images acquired from February 2007 to January 2011. Based on multi-temporal InSAR processing, we mapped the ground surface deformation before, during, and after the 2010 eruption with time-series InSAR technique. During the 3 years before the 2010 eruption, the volcano inflated at an average rate of ~1.7 cm/yr with a markedly higher rate of 6.6 cm/yr during the 6 months prior to the 2010 eruption. The inflation was constrained to the top of the volcano. From the 2010 eruption to January 2011,the volcano subsided by approximately 3 cm (~6 cm/yr). We interpreted that the inflation was due to magma accumulation in a shallow reservoir beneath Sinabung. The deflation was attributed to magma withdrawal from the shallow reservoir during the eruption as well as thermo-elastic compaction of erupted material. This result demonstrates once again the utility of InSAR for volcano monitoring.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2004

Ginseng is traditionally cultivated worldwide in cold continental climates. It is now also being cultivated in maritime environments such as New Zealandis. This paper reports a number of growth and quality parameters for plants grown under those conditions over two growing seasons and the intervening winter dormant period. While shoot biomass peaked mid-summer, in contrast, root biomass peaked late autumn/early winter. Starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and inositol were detected in the roots. Starch concentrations were highest in early autumn (mean 470 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and lowest in mid spring (218 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Sucrose concentrations were low during early summer until late autumn but increased rapidly with the onset of winter and peaked during mid spring (168 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Fructose and glucose concentrations were similar and peaked in late spring (5.3 and 6.2 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Inositol concentrations peaked in mid summer (1.7 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Starch/sugar ratios were high during summer and autumn and low during winter and spring. Ginsenoside concentrations and profiles showed that the six major ginsenosides, Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd, were present, but Rf was absent. Concentrations did not vary with sampling date. The most abundant ginsenosides were Re (15.9 to 17.5 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and Rb1 (10.7 to 18.1 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Combined, they accounted for < $75{\%}$ of total ginsenoside concentrations. Limited taste tests indicated that highest root quality occurred during late autumn, after the shoots had senesced. However, quality could not be related to plant chemistry.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1988

본 실험은 한국 대구지방에 있어서의 뽕나무의 휴면기간 및 휴면의 깊이를 알아보기 위하여 생장촉진제 및 억제제를 경시적으로 처리하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 대구지방에서는 일본 동경지방에서보다 자발휴면은 약하게 나타났으나, 타발휴면은 강하게 나타났다. 약휴면이 시작되는 시기도 이본과는 다르게 9월 하순부터 시작되었으며, 10월 상순부터 10월 하순까지는 깊은 휴면상태를 유지하다가 11월 초순부터는 벌써 동아의 자발유면이 각성되어 동면기(타발휴면)에 들어갔다. 휴면전 9월 초순에 지배렐린, 아브시스산, 나프탈렌산 및 요소를 잎에 처리한 결과, 지배렐린 10ppm을 처리한 뽕나무는 휴면이 크게 타파되었으며, 요소 0.5%도 지배렐린보다는 낮으나 휴면을 타파시키는 효과가 있었다. 나프탈렌산 0.02%는 휴면을 크게 촉진시켰으며, 아브시스산 20ppm은 휴면을 촉진하는 효과가 없었다. 특히, 지배렐린을 처리한 삽수는 다른 처리에 비해 발아가 가장 빨랐다. 뽕가지의 부위에 따른 휴면의 강도는 가지의 중간 부위가 가지의 상부와 하부에 비해 휴면이 약했다. 지베텔린을 처리한 다음 삽수를 $30^{\circ}C$하에서 휴면타파를 조사할 때 가장 적당한 처리기간은 15일이었다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.589-598
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• 2009

In wireless sensor networks, a node that reports information gathered from adjacent assets should relay packets appropriately so that its location context is kept private, and thereby helping ensure the security of the assets that are being monitored. Unfortunately, existing routing methods that counter the local eavesdropping-based tracing deal with a single asset, and most of them suffer from the packet-delivery latency as they prefer to take a separate path of many hops for each packet being sent. In this paper, we propose a routing method, greedy perimeter stateless routing-based source-location privacy with crew size w (GSLP-w), that enhances location privacy of the packet-originating node (i.e., active source) in the presence of multiple assets. GSLP-w is a hybrid method, in which the next-hop node is chosen in one of four modes, namely greedy, random, perimeter, and retreat modes. Random forwarding brings the path diversity, while greedy forwarding refrains from taking an excessively long path and leads to convergence to the destination. Perimeter routing makes detours that avoid the nodes near assets so that they cannot be located by an adversary tracing up the route path. We study the performance of GSLP-w with respect to crew size w (the number of packets being sent per path) and the number of sources. GSLP-w is compared with phantom routing-single path (PR-SP), which is a notable routing method for source-location privacy and our simulation results show that improvements from the point of the ratio of safety period and delivery latency become significant as the number of source nodes increases.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권2호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the effects of pruning season on the compartmentalization of pruning wounds in Acer palmatum and Pinus strobus. A total of eighty five field-grown trees for each species were allocated to five different seasons, early- and late-winter, mid-spring, mid- and late-summer, for pruning treatments. Wound closure rate (WCR) of the two species for one year after treatment, area of discolored stem tissue on the medial longitudinal surface and cambial dieback length under the pruning wound of A. palmatum were measured. Changes of total phenols and variations of extractives, holocellulose and lignin at the treated branch unions were examined. In WCR of A. palmatum, late-winter (March, 39.8%) and mid-spring (May, 39.7%) were higher than any other seasons, while early-winter (November, 28.4%) was significantly lower than late-winter and mid-spring. P. strobus showed similar results with A. palmatum. The WCR of early-winter (57.2%) was the lowest significantly among the five seasons, and mid-spring (73.5%) and late-winter (71.4%) showed higher a WCR than other seasons. In the discolored/wound area ratio of A. palmatum, early-winter (73.2%) was the highest by far, and mid- (July) and latesummer (September, 36.7%, respectively) were the lowest among the five seasons. In the length of cambial dieback, two dormant seasons, early- and late-winter were longer than any other seasons. Phenol contents at the treated branch union were changed in line with the seasonal fluctuation of the tree. Total phenols in the below core of the treated union were higher than those of the branch union with living branch, while little differences were seen in the above core. At the branch core of the treated union, phenols of A. palmatum decreased one month after the treatments, but P. strobus maintained similar to or a little higher than those at the controls. The major changes in chemical composition at pruning wounds were extractives and lignin increased by less than 20% in A. palmatum, while extractives in P. strobus remarkably increased by 70%.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.209-219
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• 2006

Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to result in life-threatening encephalitis in immunocompromised patients after reactivation of dormant parasites. In order to obtain information on immune responses related to this phenomenon, BALB/c mice were infected with 25 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, then, treated orally with dexamethasone (Toxo/Dexa-treated group) in order to reactivate the chronic toxoplasmosis. None of the T. gondii-infected mice died during the experimental periods, whereas the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice evidenced a significant attenuation of survival periods. Toxoplasma-specific IgG2a, IgA and IgM titers in sera were significantly depressed in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice; however, the IgG1 sera titers were similar to those seen in the Toxoplasma-infected mice. The percentages of CD4+ and $CD8\alpha+$ T cells in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were significantly reduced 2 weeks after dexamethasone treatment. $IFN-\gamma$ and IL-10 production levels in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were depressed significantly, whereas IL-4 production was increased temporarily. The expression levels of the Toxoplasma-specific P30 and B1 genes were found to have been increased in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice in comparison with the Toxoplasma-infected mice. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that reactivation of murine toxoplasmosis as the result of dexamethasone treatment induced a depression in Th1 immune responses, whereas Th2 immune responses were not significantly influenced.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.764-769
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• 1992

Strigol은 목화의 뿌리에서 추출된 천연물로서 벼, 옥수수, 사탕수수 등에 기생하는 피류(striga species) 등의 씨앗을 발아시키는데 월등한 효능을 보인다 $(10^{-12} ∼ 10^{-11}M, 80% 발아)$. 그런데 이러한 잡초는 오랜기간(15∼20년) 동안 흙속에서 휴면하고 있기 때문에 이들의 방제가 매우 어렵다. 이들을 방제할 수 있는 제초제 개발을 위해서 여러가지 strigol 유사체들인 3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-3,3a,6,6a-tetrahydro-2H-cyclopenta[b]furan-3-ylidenemethoxy)-but-2-en-4-olide(21), 4-(2-oxo-3,3a,6,6a-tetrahydro-2H-cyclopenta[b]furan-3-ylidenemethoxy)but-2-en-4-oilde(22), 3-methyl-4-(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-ylidenemethoxy)-but-2-en-4-olide(23), 4-(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-ylidenemethoxy)-but-2-en-4-olide(24)등을 합성하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 1986

수확 후 3주와 8주에 맥주보리 49개 품종의 발아세, 발아율 및 수감수성의 품종간 차이를 검토하고자 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수확 후 3주에 발아상의 물량 증가에 따른 발아세, 발아율, PI치와 수감수성의 차이는 컸으나 8주에는 그 차이가 적어서 휴비성이 발아세와 발아율을 저하시켰다. 2. 발아세는 휴비성이 소거된 8주에는 전 공시 품종이 극히 양호하였으며, CI 12062와 CI 15631등의 수감수성이 다소 커서 광범위한 육종재료를 교배에 이용할 경우 수감수성의 검정이 필요할 것으로 본다. 3. 수감수성은 저장기간에 관계없이 물 8ml 발아세, 발아율, PI치와 상관이 매우 높았으나 물 4ml에서는 상관관계가 없었다. 4. 저장기간, 품종 및 곡립의 풍만도에 따라서 발아세와 수감수성의 차이가 있으므로 등숙이 양호한 품종의 육성과 등숙향상을 위한 재배법이 연구되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2007

Purpose : Herpes zoster is a common dermatologic disorder and is caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus lying dormant in the ganglion of the dorsal root Methods : The aim of this study is to elucidate the clinical characteristics of herpes zoster and it's nature of pain, and is to review the method of physical therapy for pain control. Results : Herpes zoster is characterized by segmental rash, pain, and sensory symptoms, For most patients skin healing and pain resolution occur within 3-4 weeks, However, pain can continue after the rash has healed. Pain and paresthesia often the eruption of herpes zoster and vary from itching to stabbing. The preeruptive pain may simulate other diseases and may lead to misdiagnosis and misdirected interventions. Motor symptomatology is less well known and is most often related to central nervous system disease, although true lower motor neuron application is also thought to exist Subclinical motor involvement is relatively more common than clinical motor weakness and is easily detected by using electromyography. Higher incidences of herpes zoster were observed in female and in the elderly. Conclusion : The nature of pain associated with herpes zoster varied from a superficial itching to server stabbing or bursting, and paresthesia occurred most frequently. Therefore, the study of herpes zoster will be more research and comprehend, and the approach of physical therapy should be need positively.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.96-99
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• 2008

Toxoplasma gondiiis a widespread apicomplexan parasite which is able to infect virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates. Twenty-two percent of the U.S. population is infected, but severe disease in adults is mainly limited to immunosuppressed patients. In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS), T. gondii causes a life-threatening opportunistic infection, with Toxoplasma encephalitis as its most severe manifestations. T. gondii is also known to cause congenital infection and is among the pathogens with the highest incidence of complications in pregnancies. Despite its clinical importance, only very few therapeutic drugs against T. gondii are available, all of which target the rapidly dividing tachyzoites, leaving the dormant encysted bradyzoite stage unaffected. We searched 15 traditional medicines that have anti-inflammatory effect from dongyibogam and Traditional Chinese medicine. In vitro studies were performed with HeLa cell cultures, with quantification of Toxoplasma growth by a cell proliferation assay. The result of experiment shows the selectivity of Citrus unshiu Markovich is 6.0. This is higher than sulfadiazine (selectivity was 1.63). For in vivo studies, mice were acutely infected intraperitoneally with $10^5$ tachyzoites of the virulent RH strain and then treated per orally for 4 days from 6 hours postinfection. Efficacy was assessed by sequential determination of parasite burdens in peritoneal cavity. In vivo, Citrus unshiu Markoviche inhibited Toxoplasma growth at a concentration of 10㎎/㎏ of body weight per day, the inhibition ratio was estimated to be 64.01%.