• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2011

In this article, the effect of the crystal structural environment of $Pr^{3+}$ ions on the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of double tungstates, such as $A(M_{1-X}Pr_X)W_2O_8$ (A=Li, Cs, M = In, Y, Sc, La; $0.007{\leq}x{\leq}0.1$) and $La_{1.96}Pr_{0.04}W_3O_{12}$ are characterized. By varying the ion radius in A and M sites, the structural environment of $Pr^{3+}$ ions were modified. The structural criteria, that is, the point charge electrostatic potentials V around the $Pr^{3+}$ activator, were calculated using the crystal structural parameters. The point charge potential V can be a valid criterion for $^3P_o$ quenching in various double tungstates. When the calculated V values are large (> 6.0), the luminescence from the $^3P_0$ level becomes dominant. When the calculated V values are about 3.8, the $^1D_2$ line appears weakly but $^3P_0$-level luminescence is absent. When the calculated V values are small (< 2.0), the luminescence from the $^1D_2$ level becomes dominant and $^3P_0$-level luminescence is absent. At 2.0$^3P_o$ quenching to $^1D_2$ level occurs substantially in accordance with the structural criterion of the point charge potential model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1178-1181
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• 2002

Records from a total of 202 crossbred pigs were classified by their ear type and coat color to examine the presence of interrelationships with growth performances. Crossbred pigs were F2 generations of full sib family out of ten Landrace sows bred by 5 Korean domestic boars. Heavily drooped ear type was predominant, 195 out of 202 pigs over the other two types (1 straight and 6 slightly drooped). Coat colors were classified as four categories, all white, all black, dominant white or dominant black. Ratio among coat color categories did not fall within Mendelian principle of independence regarding two loci involved. There was dependency between ear type and coat color. However, due to rarity of ear types other than heavy drooped, dependency comes from distribution of those rare ear types. Three least squares models to test the effect of ear type and coat colors on growth performances were analyzed. First model analyzed effects on birth weight, body weight at 3 and 6 weeks and ADG' before weaning and between 3 and 5 weeks of age. This model included sex in addition to ear type and coat color. Second model analyzed postweaning growth traits (initial weight, final weight and ADG between these periods) upon initiation of performance testing. This model included effects of sex, test group and start age (as a covariate) in addition. Third model was fit for fasted weight before slaughter and included the effects of sex, test group and age at slaughter (as a covariate). The effects of sex and ear type were not significant source of variation for all traits. Test group was a significant source of variation for all the postweaning traits. Effect of coat color was not significant until the initiation of performance testing and became significant then after. Least squares means of dominantly black pigs were significantly lower than the other three coat colored pigs in final weight around 195 days of age and in ADG from the start of performance test and final weight measure.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2004

This study was intended to investigate the characteristics of ride vibrations transmitted to tractor operator during rotary tillage and plowing operations. Seat accelerations of a 41 ps diesel tractor in rotary tillage and plowing were measured and evaluated as specified in the ISO 2631-1. Effects of working speed and tilling depth on ride vibration were investigated. The level of ride vibration was also evaluated in terms of health guidance caution zones. Some of the results of the study are as follows: 1. The level of ride vibration in plowing was about 4.3 times greater than in rotary tillage. 2. The effect of working speed in rotary tillage differs depending upon the tillage depth. The level of ride vibration was increased with the speed, but it decreased over a certain tillage depth. Fore and aft vibration was 2.2-2.7 times severer than horizontal and vertical vibrations. Dominant frequency band was 1-3.15 ㎐ in fore and aft, 1-3.15㎐ and 16-25㎐ in horizontal, and 16-25㎐ in vertical directions. 3. Plowing reduced the ride vibration by 42.8-50.2%. But its positive effect decreased as the plowing speed increased. In plowing operation, ride vibration was similar degrees in fore and aft, horizontal and vertical directions. The dominant frequency band in plowing operation was 1-2.5㎐ in fore and aft, 1-2.5㎐ in horizontal, and 1-8㎐ in vertical directions. 4. On a basis of daily work hours of 4, total level of ride vibrations in plowing operation is likely to be harmful to operator's health.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.150-155
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• 2010

Generally, plasma nitriding process has composed with a nitriding layer within glow discharge region occurred by energy exchange. The dissociations of nitrogen molecules are very difficult to make neutral atoms or ionic nitrogen species via glow discharge area. However, the captured electrons in which a double-folded screen with same potential cathode can stimulate and come out some single atoms or activated ionic species. It was showed an important thing that is called "hat is a dominant component in this nitriding process?" in plasma nitriding process and it can take an effective species for without compound layer. During a plasma nitriding process, it was able to estimate with analyzing and identification by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) study. And then we can make comparative studies on the nitrogen transfer with plasma nitriding and ATONA process using plasma diagnosis and metallurgical observation. From these observations, we can understand role of active species of nitrogen, like N, $N^+$, ${N_2}^+$, ${N_2}^*$ and $NH_x$-radical, in bulk plasma of each process. And the same time, during DC plasma nitriding and other processes, the species of FeN atom or any ionic nitride species were not detected by OES analyzing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-88
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to explore an effect exerted to non-affected hand and affected hand of patients by performing training of chopsticks and grasp strength that are helpful to dexterity and grasp strength of hand together with training method of joint exercise, muscle strength build-up training, delicate hand function training. Method : By targeting 30 normal adult male/females engaged in K university, Busan for one month on April, 2015, 10 persons of hand function build-up training group, that of dexterity training group and 10 persons of control group were randomly selected. For hand function build-up training group, chopsticks training in parallel with total 20 times of grasp strength training for 4 weeks including 5 minutes of dominant hand grasp strength training, 5 minutes of non-dominant hand grasp strength training, 15 minutes of chopsticks training was performed based on 25 minutes/one time, 5 times a week. Result : First, In a comparison of dexterity of both hands by each group depending on training period, hand function build-up group and dexterity training group were represented to be effective compared with control group. Secondly, In a comparison of manipulatory ability of both hands by each group depending on training period, hand function build-up group and dexterity training group were represented to be effective compared with control group. Conclusion : It is considered that diversified and broad research covering patients with musculoskeletal disease and nervous system-related disease would be performed by securing far more test subjects after comparing a correlation between dexterity training and hand function training.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.71-74
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• 1996

Ta$_2$O$_{5}$ film ale recognized as promising capacitor dielectric for future DRAM\`s. The electrical properties of Ta$_2$O$_{5}$films greatly depend on the heating condition. In the practical fabrication process, several annealing process, such as the annealing of Al in H$_2$(about 40$0^{\circ}C$) and reflow of BPSG (borophosphosilicate glass) film in $N_2$(about 80$0^{\circ}C$), exist after deposition of Ta$_2$O$_{5}$ film. In this paper, we describe the temperature effect on the electrical properties of W/Ta$_2$O$_{5}$/Si structure. The thin film of Ta$_2$O$_{5}$ and tungsten have been deposited on p-si(100) wafer using the sputtering system. The heating temperature was varied from 500 to 90$0^{\circ}C$ in $N_2$for 30min and The degree of temperature is 100\`C. In a log(J/E$^2$) Vs 1/E plot of typical I-V data, we find a linear relationship for the temperature of 500, $600^{\circ}C$ and as deposition. This could indicate Fowler-Nordheim tunneling as the dominant mode of current transports. However, we can not find a linear relationship for the temperature above $700^{\circ}C$. This could not indicate Fowler-Nordheim tunneling as the dominant mode of current transport. The high frequency (1MHz) capacitance-voltage (C-V) of W/Ta$_2$O$_{5}$/Si Capacitor were investigated on the basis of shift in the threshold voltage and dielectric constant. The magnitude of the threshold voltage and dielectric constant depends on the heating temperature, and increases with heating temperature.temperature.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2007

Objectives : The elicit of DeQi, a composite of sensation including numbness and fullness that develops at the site of acupuncture stimulation, is considered to be clinically essential to establish treatment efficacy. However, there was little studies investigating the relationship between the subjective feeling of acupuncture sensation and acupuncture analgesia, The current study was therefore performed to determine the correlation between the acupuncture sensation scale (ASS) and the degree of acupuncture analgesia. Methods : Ninety-two female subjects were stimulated at LI4 acupoint on non-dominant hand with real (RA) or sham acupuncture (SA). Finger withdrawal latency (FWL) of each group was also measured to evaluate analgesic effect of acupuncture on the noxious heat stimuli on the dominant hand. All subjects were asked to complete seven point-Likert scale ASS developed by Vincent et al. Results : The increase rate of FWL of the RA group was significantly higher than that of the SA group(36.03 ${\pm}$ 4.45% vs 24.50 ${\pm}$ 3.73%). RA stimulation produced significantly higher rating of all the ASS except for dull sensation, compared to SA stimulation. Significant correlations between analgesic effect of RA, but not of SA, and the degree of the ASS, including burning sensation(r=0.349), Intense sensation(r=0.299), pulsating sensation (r=0.335), and stinging sensation (r=0.306) were found. Conclusions : The results of our study indicate that the DeQi sensation are associated with acupuncture analgesia. Our findings suggest that the evocation of DeQi might be useful clinical indicator of acupuncture treatment.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.35.3-36
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• 2016

We explore the role of bars in AGN-galaxy co-evolution using a volume-limited face-on late-type galaxy sample with $M_r$ < -19.5 and 0.02 < z < 0.055 selected from SDSS DR7. In this study, we investigate how $SFR_{fib}$ as a proxy of gas contents at galactic center (over 1~1.5 kpc bulge scale) and central stellar velocity dispersion, ${\sigma}$, of host galaxies are connected to the bar presence and AGN activity. We find that galaxies are distributed in three distinct regions over the $SFR_{fib}-{\sigma}$ space and the behaviors of their bar fraction ($f_{Bar}$) are clearly different for each region. Galaxies at the AGN dominant region tend to be gas-deficient as $f_{Bar}$ increases and bars are more frequently found in fully-quenched late-type galaxies at the quiescent region, suggesting that bars speed up of the consumption of gas by SF and lead a sudden decline in the central gas. Overall, the bar effects on the AGN activity are positive over the same space except for quiescent galaxies with ${\sigma}$ > $170km\;s^{-1}$. Most significant bar effect on the AGN activity occurs in the less massive galaxies having sufficient gas, whereas the effect on galaxies at the AGN dominant region with higher the AGN fraction is relatively small. We suggest that the bar affect both central SF and AGN activities, but differently for central gas amount and BH (or bulge) mass of galaxies. We also investigate the AGN-bar connection with only pure AGNs and then confirm that they give marginally the same results.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.535-543
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the slenderness ratio effect on buckling characteristics of thin cylindrical structures subjecting the shear loads in detail. To do this, the buckling strength evaluations were carried out with using the evaluation formulae proposed by J. Okada. From the results of the buckling strength evaluations, the three types of staled cylindrical test specimen, which have L/R=3.1, 1.6, and 1.0, are determined for the numerical analyses and tests. From results, target slenderness ratio over L/R=3 results in dominant bending buckling mode, smaller slenderness ratio under L/R=1 results in dominant shear buckling mode, and near L/R=1.6 region shows the mixed buckling mode which has the bending and shear buckling mode simultaneously. Most results of buckling characteristics obtained by the numerical analyses and the evaluation formulae we in good agreement with those of tests.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.481-486
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effect of calf muscle fatigue on postural sway according to foot posture (a pes cavus, a normal foot, and a pes planus). Methods: The subjects of this study were 12, 11, and 9 students of U University with a pes cavus, a normal foot, and a pes planus, respectively, according to a Navicular Drop Test. Postural sway was measured with a balance instrument (BioRescue, RM Ingenierie, France) while the subjects stood static on two legs as well as during one-leg standing using the dominant leg in two conditions (with the eyes open and with the eyes closed for 30 seconds). Muscle fatigue was then induced in the calf muscle of the dominant leg, and both muscle fatigue and postural sway were measured using an EMG. To compare the degree of postural sway between the three groups after muscle fatigue was induced, the change values were calculated. The results were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, and a post-hoc test was conducted using the Bonferroni correction. Results: Significant inter-group differences were detected for postural sway during two-leg standing with the eyes closed and during one-leg standing with the eyes open and with the eyes closed (p<0.05). The post-hoc test showed significant differences between the pes cavus and normal foot groups and between the pes planus and normal foot groups for all three variables (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was detected between the pes cavus and pes planus groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that the pes cavus and pes planus cause more fatigue and postural sway than a normal foot. Therefore, attention should be paid to changes in balance caused by muscle fatigue.