• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2004

In this paper, the all units of residential housing that is not legislated in facility development law are analyzed and foreign design criteria that is related to barrier-free unit housing is comparing to domestic. Through the comparison in front door, living room, bathroom, bedroom, and kitchen, this paper aims to suggest internal barrier-free design criteria. This paper is limited to internal housing which are front door, living room, bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen. Also, the objectives of facility development law are U.S, Japan, German, and in case of U.S, UFAS is established by ADA, in Japan, Heart Building law and detail standard drawing are used, in German, DIN is used. The objective of domestic case study is the latest residential housings that are built over 2003. The flow of study is as follows ; First, the internal items of residential housing are abstracted, and each item is checked in facility development law that is legislated in. Next, through comparison of domestic and foreign facility development law related to housing, common items are abstracted and detail standards are defined. Domestic residential housings are analyzed in those standards. Finally, the problems that is the result of analysis are analyzed and the barrier free design criteria is abstracted in unit housing. Also, more developed items and future study are suggested.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial contamination level of domestic kitchen environments and to provide information to improve food safety in 50 domestic house kitchens located in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do. Dishcloth, chopping board, and refrigerator swabs were examined for the presence of coliforms, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The means and standard deviations of coliform counts for dishcloths was $4.8{\pm}1.84log\;CFU/100g$, chopping boards, and refrigerator drawers were $4.04{\pm}1.53$, $4.11{\pm}1.65log\;CFU/100cm^2$, respectively. Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni/coli were not detected in all samples. E. coli were detected in 3 on the dishcloths and 1 of 50 samples in the refrigerator drawer. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in the drawer of the refrigerator in 2 of 50 samples. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, the detection on dishcloths, chopping boards, and drawers in refrigerators was 21, 12, and 14 of 50 samples, respectively. The results of microbiological tests of domestic kitchen utensils can be used to emphasize the importance of the sanitary conditions in domestic kitchen environments.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.43-52
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• 2010

It has applied the design method of face to face dimension, an MC (Modular Coordination) design method, at design steps of an apartment house for standardization of architecture. But It has been still using center line size. A construction limit isn't specific on these center line size, and dead space occurs with excessive gaps as size matching isn't performed well between structural sieve and parts. And above all, measurement before construction isn't to expect standardization, and to increase custom-made furniture. We investigate manufacture of a preferential domestic system kitchen and construction state, and we derive from a problem in viewpoints of standardization for this. And we utilized a reference plane, and we present construction document and design plan in order to solve these problems. And we analyze an effect got by application of the assembly basis aspect that we presented, and we can raise efficiency of standardization of housing and construction industry, and we light ultimately up.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2021

In this study we analyzed the elution rates of 11 metals from 82 metallic kitchen utensils purchased in the market. The elution frequency of the 11 types of metals was iron > aluminum > chromium, nickel > zinc > copper > lead > arsenic > antimony > stannum > cadmium. For metallic kitchen utensils, the elution rate of heavy metals was 7.3-93.9%, and the average elution concentration was 0.001-13.473 mg/L. The average elution concentration of heavy metals was ranged between none-detected (N. D.) to 30.473 mg/L for non-coated kitchen utensils and 0.000-10.005 mg/L for coated kitchen utensils. The average elution concentration of metals from domestic kitchen utensils ranged from 0.001-25.145 mg/L, and from 0.000-33.518 mg/L for imported kitchen utensils. In particular, aluminum was found to be high in domestic kitchen utensils while iron was high in imported kitchen utensils. The average elution concentration of heavy metals was N.D.-2.670 mg/L for stainless steel, N.D.- 31.575 mg/L for aluminum, and N.D.-307.737 mg/L for iron. The amount of transition to food after cooking was investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.39-53
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the state of Vietnamese housing in Korea. Using ethnographic methodologies, it was examined that 22 Vietnamese households in Korea in relation to their usage of housing space. The following conclusion were established; 1). Most of households had kitchen+1 or 2 bedrooms and the majority households preferred separated kitchen and living room areas. 2). Most households had a washing machine in bathroom and they regarded bathtub as not very necessary. They all preferred the bathroom with enough space for using washing machine and hand washing both. 3). Their preferred seating style was using chairs on sleeping as like in Vietnam but they preferred eating without chairs and treated large family and guest without chairs specially. 4). All of them were took their shoes off usually and preferred designated shoes space at the entrance to the house which was not used in Vietnam. 5). A Floor material of all households was vinyl on living room and bedrooms and most of them who had been using tile only in Vietnam preferred vinyl here. 6). All of households had a modified Ondol and most of them who had never been used this before preferred and they regarded as a desirable heating system. 7). They considered the kitchen as the most important housing space and the direction of housing was the one to consider when they built or buy the house.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1980

One of the most pressing problems of the day in our household economy is the scientific improvement of meal management, which has direct bearings on the efficiency of housewives, domestic economy, and health care for the whole family. The concern of this paper is to investigate the current meal management situation in which more than three hundred housewives in Seoul find themselves, and to propose a tentative plan for its improvement. The result of the investigation is summarized as follows : 1) The number of families with old-fashioned kitchens forms a percentage of 30.3 ; only 4.3 percent of them have waterworks and drainage system. 2) The number of families equipped with cooking machines and utensils constitutes 51.2 percent ; that of those without cooking machines reaches the high percentage of 92.8. 3) The expense for daily meals amounts to 37.9 percent of the whole domestic expenses. the number of those who prepare daily meals without any planning comprises 78 percent. It is from habit that 60.5 percent of them make no workable plan for their meals. 4) The frequency of housewives doing daily marketing is comparatively high. 5) The time spent in preparing and clearing the table is 280.4 minutes a day on the average. 6) In preparing daily meals the low income bracket tends to keep expense as low as possible, while the high income bracket is chiefly concerned with taste. 7) The frequency of home cooking is on the increase as the housewives grow older, especially in the large families with housemaids. 8) In most cases housewives do the cooking for themselves; the high income brackets have housemaids do the cooking. The number of husbands who help their wives do kitchen work a small percentage of 10-14. 9) The simplification of kitchen work presupposes the simplification of the daily cooking, the improvement of the structure and equipment of the kitchen, and a good help of the whole family.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.99-118
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• 2000

This study attempts to identify the level of conflicts occurring between foreign and domestic chefs, and to suggest the way of controlling those conflicts in order to well manage human resources, foreign chefs. Based on the empirical research, the research findings shows that in terms of targeting and achieving objectives different level of conflicts are experienced when age, hotel type, position varies. For example. purchasing excessive foreign foods may cause undesirable stock which will lead to considerable loss. In order to overcome this problem the advantages of the chain-operated and the independent hotel's food purchasing system must be incorporated. Secondly, another conflicts arise when the architecture and system of a kitchen is different from what foreign chefs are familiar with. Kitchen architecture and system should be well-designed in terms of delivery channel, sanitation, safety, food control, banquet etc.. In developing menu, chefs often have different criteria in the scale of sweet and salt of a particular dish. Foreign chefs often blame his subordinates for not meeting his requirements without proper training or education. Finally, because of the different culture, communication as well as the lack of mutual understanding problem occur. Even though today is called global town. some chefs do not seem to open their minds to learn other developing countries' culture. In diversity management aspect, chefs need to put much effort to be aware of other countries' culture, history, political and economic situation. In prior to employing foreign chefs, the job enrollment and description must be prepared so as to minimize the conflicts, which otherwise will create poor job performance.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.19-28
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• 2019

Domestic and international laws and regulations on design of residential environment are adopted, revised and supplemented to solve the problems such as access, safety and privacy in the residential space of the elderly and the disabled. This study is an comparative analysis of Korea and Japan, USA, UK laws and regulations on environment design by literature review. The purpose of this study is to present the basic materials required for development of the standard that would supports the undiscriminatory physical environment for the socially weak who are experiencing aging and disability, due to the restricted scope of entrance, bathroom and kitchen spaces with high frequency of safety accident. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Design guidelines on residential environment were compared under five residential factors for aging in place: safety, accessibility, amenity, usability and privacy. (2) The guidelines of each country applied to the entrance, bathroom and kitchen space were compared. (3) The results showed present guidelines should be completed with 'safety', 'accessibility', 'amenity', 'usability' and 'privacy' for Aging in place.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.13-32
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the state of housing and domestic living conditions of Vietnamese individuals in Vietnam and Korea. Using ethnographic methodologies, It was examined examined 22 Vietnamese households in Korea in relation to their usage of domestic space and also conducted the same investigation on 20 Vietnamese households in Vietnam. The following conclusion were established; 1) The majority of households in both countries preferred that the kitchen was close to the dining room and living room while a kitchen door was not deemed as necessary. 2) In Korea, washing machines are used in the bathroom space, while in Vietnam they are used outside or in a specially designated space. 3) The most uncomfortable aspect of home life in Korea was having the bathroom and toilet in the same space while in Vietnam they are separately spaced. It is recommended that house plans with separate bathroom and toilet area be made available for Vietnamese migrants. 4) Chairs were used in the sleeping area for eating, especially if guests were present, but the floor space was also used for eating. 5) Tile is a typical floor material in Vietnam while vinyl is popular in Korea. However, migrant workers were comfortable with both materials. 6) All 20 households didn't have any heating system in Vietnam but most migrants preferred a modified Ondol in Korea. 7) Most migrants took their shoes off while inside the house in Vietnam and Korea. Furthermore, the majority of households didn’t have any designated shoes space at the entrance to the house in Vietnam and most were satisfied with the same situation in korea. 8) Most households in Vietnam and Korea preferred to decorate their living room with various things or as a place of worship to their ancestors. The direction of house was an important element when deciding to buy or building houses in both countries.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is getting information for making a plan of immigrant workers in Korea. As a first step to suggest plans for immigrant workers who have multi-cultural background, this study investigated to the domestic living of Koreans(ChoSun-Tribe) of Gillim province in China. For this, usage of domestic space questionnaire were used. Results of the research were as follows. 1. The most popular LDK type was the one which kitchen was separated from living room and dining room. Most of them thought that kitchen and living room have to be separated. 2. There was no plan for laundry room specially and most houses have a washing machine in the bathroom. Most houses didn't install a bathtub in the bathroom and they didn't think that it was indispensable. 3. It was estimated that they used a living room as a multi-purpose room for the family but used a master bedroom for its own purpose. 4. They used a table and chair for meals normally but they took meals sitting on the floor with a large family or guest. 5.All of them took off the shoes inside of the house for hygienic reason. There was no plan for the space to take on-off shoes in most houses and they just put the mat on the floor for it. 6. Modified Ondol system which use water pipe under the floor was popular in apartment while most detached houses had traditional Ondol system. The satisfaction about Ondol system was very high compared to other ones and also Ondol system was the most desirable one for ChoSun-Tribe.