• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 1994

This study was observed the effect of n6 and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of dietary corn oil and fish oil which was supplemented with similar levels of tocopherol in high fat diet on the levels of tocopherol, malondialdehyde ( MDA) productions of plasma and tissues of rats. Also RBC hemolysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activities In liver were determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high fat (40%Cal) diet which was different only In fatty acid composition for 6 weeks. Dietary (arts were beef tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid (LA) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasma and liver tocopherol levels were lowered by n3 PUy4 but there was no difference in malondialdehyde(MDA) level by different dietary PUFA. However, MDA content of RBC and hemolysis were increased by n3 PUFA. MDA content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver were increased in more unsaturated dietary fat groups. Especially, SOD activity was increased in proportion to the degree of fat unsaturation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of dietary green tea by-products (GTB) on laying performance and quality of eggs in hens. A total of 96 laying hens (22-week-old) "Tetran Brown" were allotted to four dietary treatments, which containing 0, 2, 4 and 6% green tea-by products. The results showed that the egg production increased (P＜0.05) in layers fed diets containing 4% or 6% green tea-by products compared to the layers fed control no GTB. Egg weight and egg mass in layers fed diets containing 2% green tea by-products significantly decreased compared to those in the other groups (P<0.05). The feed intake was lower in layers fed diets containing 2% and 6% green tea by-products. The feed conversion ratio was lower (P<0.05) in layers fed diets containing 4% or 6% green tea by-product supplementation respectively. The egg shell thickness was no significantly different between layers fed the control and green tea by-product diets (P>0.05). The egg yolk cholesterol tended to decrease when layers fed diets containing green tea by-products, although the differences were not significant (P＞0.05). The linolenic and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid contents in egg yolk significantly increased in layers fed diets containing different levels green tea by-products compared to those fed control diet (P<0.05). These results suggest that inclusion of green tea by-products in layer diets is suitable for hens without negative effects on egg composition.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.141-150
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Korean Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) education program on oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and serum homocysteine (Hcy) level in elderly Korean women. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study employing non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The DASH group (n= 27) underwent the DASH education program for 12 weeks, whereas the control group (n= 21) was provided one education session. The survey was conducted before and after the intervention period. Results: In DASH group, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes significantly increased after the intervention as compared to prior to the intervention. No significant differences were found in the control group. After the intervention, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and Hcy levels significantly decreased in the DASH group but not in the control group. Conclusion: The DASH education program was effective in reducing oxidative stress and Hcy levels in elderly Korean women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.465-473
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• 2011

Dietary fatty acids are under intense research to identify anti-atherogenic mechanisms, so we investigated green tea powder (GT) as a protector against atherogenesis originating from lipid peroxidation such as 4-hydroxynonemal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in different dietary fatty acid-treated apo E KO mice. Growth rate and dietary efficiency were lower in apo E KO mice with or without LA compared to wild type. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) did not correspond to values in other tissues, but TG in heart tissue decreased significantly by GT after linoleic acid (LA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was administered. LA induced apoptosis as evidenced by changes in aorta morphology and immunohistochemistry. Lipid peroxides (LPO) was increased in apo E KO mice with or without LA corresponding to the accumulation of 4-HNE or MDA in the proximal aorta above the atria. GT consumption tended to reduce the primary causal mechanism of atherogenic phenomena such as oxidizability in both LA and DHA treated atherogenic mice. A high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) diet involved the changes on stress-induced apoptotic signaling by increasing caspase 3, cytochrome c, and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ in the heart tissue, but decreasing the bcl-2 protein. However, GT remarkably reduced the expression of apoptotic signaling, in contrast to the PUFA diet. Therefore, the potential of GT as an anti-atherosclerotic dietary antioxidant was tested in this study.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.788-801
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• 2021

This study examined biochemical components, fatty acids, antioxidant dipeptides, and muscle fiber density of breast and thigh muscles from Korean new native chicken strains (A and B) at two slaughter ages, compared with white semi-broiler (W) or broilers. The pH values were different by chicken breed. The new native strains had the lowest fat content in the breast at 12 wk (p<0.05). Regardless of the muscles, A and B at 12 wk had higher levels of arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6), and nervonic acid (C24:1) than broilers (p<0.05). A similar result was observed for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids ratio (P/S) content in the breast. Irrespective of the muscles, A and B enriched with omega-3 fatty acids had a lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio than broilers (p<0.05) at 12 wk. Of the antioxidant di-peptides, the anserine contents were highest in A and B than in the W or broilers (p<0.05), regardless of the muscles and slaughter ages. Furthermore, the breast meat from A and B contained a higher muscle fiber density for both slaughter ages than the W and broilers (p<0.05). Based on these findings, even if the commercial birds (broilers or W) are raised under the similar environmental conditions as A and B, the new native chicken strains have distinct meat quality attributes, particularly higher ARA and DHA levels, lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio, and higher anserine contents.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.76-89
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• 2022

The Lophius litulon liver was used as raw material for the extraction of fish oil via various extraction methods. The extraction rate by water extraction, potassium hydroxide (KOH) hydrolysis and protease hydrolysis were compared and the results revealed the protease hydrolysis extraction had a higher extraction rate with good protein-lipid separation as observed by optical microscope. Furthermore, subsequent experiments determined neutrase to be the best hydrolytic enzyme in terms of extraction rate and cost. The extraction conditions of neutrase hydrolysis were optimized by single-factor experiment and response surface analysis, and the optimal extraction rate was 58.40 ± 0.25% with the following conditions: enzyme concentration 2,000 IU/g, extraction time 1.0 h, liquid-solid ratio 1.95:1, extraction temperature 40.5℃ and pH 6.5. The fatty acids composition in fish oil from optimized extraction condition was composed of 19.75% saturated fatty acids and 80.25% unsaturated fatty acids. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were 8.06% and 1.19%, respectively, with the ratio (6.77:1) surpassed to the recommendation in current researches (5:1). The results in this study suggest protease treatment is an efficient method for high-quality fish oil extraction from Lophius litulon liver with a satisfactory ratio of DHA and EPA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.576-583
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• 2009

G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) is a newly-discovered short-chain free fatty acid receptor and its functions remain to be defined. The objective of this study was to investigate the function of GPR43 on lipolysis. We successfully cloned the GPR43 gene from the pig (EU122439), and measured the level of GPR43 mRNA in different tissues and primary pig adipocytes. The expression level of GPR43 mRNA was higher in adipose tissue and increased gradually with adipocyte differentiation. Then we examined GPR43 mRNA level in different types, growth-stages and various regions of adipose tissue of pigs. The results showed that the expression level of GPR43 mRNA was significantly higher in adipose tissue of obese pigs than in lean pigs, and the expression level also gradually increased as age increased. We further found that the abundance of GPR43 mRNA level increased more in subcutaneous fat than visceral fat. Thereafter, we studied the correlation between GPR43 and lipid metabolism-related genes in adipose tissue and primary pig adipocytes. GPR43 gene had significant negative correlation with hormone-sensitive lipase gene (HSL, r = -0.881, p<0.01) and triacylglycerol hydrolase gene (TGH, r = -0.848, p<0.01) in adipose tissue, and had positive correlation with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ gene ($PPAR_{\gamma}$, r = 0.809, p<0.01) and lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL, r = 0.847, p<0.01) in adipocytes. In addition, we fed different concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to mice, and analyzed expression level changes of GPR43, HSL and TGH in adipose. The results showed that DHA down-regulated GPR43 and up-regulated HSL and TGH mRNA levels; GPR43 also had significant negative correlation with HSL (low: r = -0.762, p<0.01; high: r = -0.838, p<0.01) and TGH (low: r = -0.736, p<0.01; high: r = -0.586, p<0.01). Our results suggested that GPR43 is a potential factor which regulates lipolysis in adipose tissue, and DHA as a receptor of GPR43 might promote lipolysis through down-regulating the expression of GPR43 mRNA.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.798-802
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• 1999

This study was performed to compare the effect of enrichement of rotifer and Artemia fed marine bacteria (Erythrobacter sp. S$\pi$-1) with those fed the different diets-(Super Selco, $\omega$-yeast and marine Chlorella) on the slime flounder larvae, Microstomus achne. Because the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to fatty acids in rotifer (dry weight $\%$) fed on Super Selco and ESP-SR including Erythrobacter sp. S$\pi$-1 was higher than that in rotifer fed marine Chlorella, the growth of the slime larvae fed the former showed better than the latter. And the ratio of DHA and highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) to fatty acids in Artemia (dry weight $\%$) enriched by ESP-A including Erythrobacter sp. S$\pi$-1 were also higher than those in Artemia enriched by others or Artemia without enrichment. Larvae fed on Artemia enriched by ESP-A showed better growth and survival rate than those fed on Artemia enriched by others or Artemia without enrichment. With regard to dietary value of Erythrobacter sp. S$\pi$-1, its use could improve the quality of the live foods for the slime flounder larvae.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.945-954
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• 2018

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (${\omega}3$-fatty acid) have been found to possess anticancer properties in a variety of cancer cell lines and animal models, but their effects in human tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) remain unclear. This study was designed to examine the effect of ${\omega}3$-fatty acid desaturase (fat-1) gene expression on invasion and tumorigenicity in human tongue SCC cells and the molecular mechanism of its action. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment inhibited in vitro invasion in a dose-dependent manner. In zymography, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) activities were reduced, and MMP-9 and MMP-2 promoter activities were inhibited by the DHA treatment. In addition, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter reporter activities were inhibited in SCC-4 and SCC-9 cells after the DHA treatment. To investigate the effect of a high level of endogenous ${\omega}3$ fatty acids, a stable SCC-9 cell line expressing the ${\omega}3$-desaturase gene (fSCC-9sc) was generated. The growth rate and colony-forming capacity of fSCC-9sc were remarkably decreased as compared with those of fSCC-9cc. Likewise, the tumor size and volume of fSCC-9sc implanted into nude mice were significantly inhibited, with increases in the cell death index. Furthermore, a transwell chamber invasion assay showed a reduction in cell invasion of the fSCC-9sc lines when compared with that of the fSCC-9cc line. These findings suggested that fat-1 gene expression inhibited tumorigenicity, as well as invasion in human tongue SCC cells. Thus, utilization of ${\omega}3$ fatty acids may represent a promising therapeutic approach for chemoprevention and the treatment of human tongue SCCs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.376-383
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• 2006

The chemical components, lipid class, and fatty acid composition of the viscera from male and female common squid, Todarodes pacificus, were examined to evaluate the possible utilization of the liver, reproductive organs, and gills. In male and female squid, the viscera comprise 21% and 27% of the body weight, respectively. The protein content of the viscera was slightly higher in females (17.7-19.5%) than in males (15.6-17.2%). This was especially marked in the female reproductive organs, while there was little difference in the gill. The liver contained the largest amounts of lipids (17.2-18.6%) and the levels were higher in males than in females (P<0.01). By contrast, the reproductive organs of females contained more lipids than did those of males (4.68% vs. 1.65%, p<0.01). The prominent non-polar lipid (NL) classes were triacylglycerol (51.9-55.4% of the NL content) and sterol ester (16.3-21.8%) in the liver, and free sterol (47.0-68.5%) and free fatty acids (31.5-41.2%) in the reproductive organs. However, there were no significant differences in the NL classes between sexes. The percentage of the most prominent phospholipid (PL) class, phosphatidylcholine (PC), was highest in the liver (78.1-79.6% of the PL content), and there was no significant difference between the sexes. By contrast, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was highest in the reproductive organs (33.4%), and was higher in males than in females (P<0.05). All the visceral organs contained 36.4-48.5% of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The DHA level was highest in female reproductive organs (32.3%), while EPA was high in male reproductive organs. These results demonstrate that the viscera of male and female common squid are a good source of DHA and EPA.