• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.29-30
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• 2019

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.155-164
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• 2008

Variable Message Signs (VMS) is one of the major components for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) services that provides real-time traffic and incident information to drivers. The objective of this research was to develop a method determining the optimal location of VMS considering safety and driving characteristics of various drivers. A driving simulator was utilized to evaluate how drivers can safely exit to off-ramp depending on various VMS locations while information relating route diversion was provided. The binary logistic regression and factor analysis were applied in developing a probability model that predicts the success of safe off-ramp exiting. Based on the developed probability model, a method to estimate the spacing between VMS and off-ramp is suggested. It is expected that the products of this study would be utilized as a tool in determining VMS locations for ITS planners and designers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.63-79
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• 2007

Several remedial works were attempted to stabilize the collapsed area of the inlet slopes of diversion tunnel, but prevention of any further movement was being only carried out at beginning stage by filling the area with aggregates and rock debris, after several cracks had been initiated and developed around the area. The extra specialty developed folding zone is consisted with highly weathered Greywacke and Black shale. The suggested solution is to improve the properties of the rock mass of failed area by choosing the optimum level of reinforcement through the increment of slope rock support design so as to control the movement of slopes during the re-excavation. The Bakun hydroelectric project includes the construction of a hydroelectric power plant with an installed capacity of 2,520MW and a power transmission system connecting to the existing transmission networks in Sarawak and Western Malaysia. The power station will consist of a 210m height Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam. During the construction of the dam and the power facilities the Balui River has to be diverted of the tunnels is 12m and the tunnel width is 16m at the portal area. This paper describes the stability analysis and design methods for the open cut rock slopes in the inlet area of the diversion tunnels. The geotechnical parameters employed in stability calculations were given as a function of four defined Rock Mass Type (RMT) which were based on RMR system from Bieniawski. The stability calculations procedure of the rock slopes are divided into two stages. In the first stage, it is calculated for the stability of each "global" slope without any rock support and shotcrete system. In the second stage, it is calculated for each "local" slope stability with berms and supported with rock bolts and shotcrete. The monitoring instrumentation was performed continuously and some of the design modification was carried out in order to increase the safety of failed area based on the unforeseen geological risks during the open cut excavation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6547-6555
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• 2014

This study attempted to verify what motivates fans to follow college sports teams' social media and identify the motivational factors that can best predict fans' social media consumption. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated that previously identified seven motives for online consumption, i.e., information, diversion, socialization, pass-time, fanship, team support, and technical knowledge, are compatible with the use of college sports teams' social media. In addition, a results of multiple regression found diversion, socialization, fanship, team support, and technical knowledge to significantly predict the level of social media consumption while information and pass-time did not significantly affect social media consumption. In particular, socialization had the greatest influence on social media consumption.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.3 s.74
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• pp.137-144
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• 2004

The real-time traffic information is considered to be the system to alleviate traffic congestion. An effective traffic information will help drivers make efficient travel decision, and network performance will be improved. To make efficient strategy of providing information, the analyst should quantify reduced congestion by the media traffic informations. Many other route diversion models considered only media-informations as information sources and ignored the impact of on-site informations such as visible delays and average speeds, which affect drivers' route diversion decision in practice. In those models, the effect of on-site informations could be treated to be the effect of media informations, and the effects of media informations would be over-estimated. The proposed model including the impact of on-site information can estimate the effect of media-informations. The results are expected to be applied to the analysis of traffic management policy such as ITS.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1350-1364
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• 2019

The ice damage occurs frequently in cold and dry region of western China in winter ice period and spring thaw period. In the drift ice condition, it is easy to form different extrusion force or impact force to damage tunnel lining, causing project failure. The failure project could not arrive the original planning and construction goal, giving rise to the water allocation pressure which influences diversion irrigation and farming production in spring. This study conducts the theoretical study on contact-impact algorithm of drift ices crashing diversion tunnel based on the symmetric penalty function in finite element theory. ANSYS/LS-DYNA is adopted as the platform to establish tunnel model and drift ice model. LS-DYNA SOLVER is used as the solver and LS-PREPOST is used to do post-processing, analyzing the damage degrees of drift ices on tunnel. Constructing physical model in the experiment to verify and reveal the impact damage mechanism of drift ices on diversion tunnel. The software simulation results and the experiment results show that tunnel lining surface will form varying degree deformation and failure when drift ices crash tunnel lining on different velocity, different plan size and different thickness of drift ice. The researches also show that there are damages of drift ice impact force on tunnel lining in the thawing period in cold and dry region. By long time water scouring, the tunnel lining surfaces are broken and falling off which breaks the strength and stability of the structure.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

There are almost 18,000 dams including about 1,200 large dams in Korea. The large dams are well operated and maintained by KWATER(Korea Water Resource Corporation), KRC(Korea Rural Community & Agriculture Corporation) and KHNP(Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.). Several research reports concern with the safety of these large dams are presented but there is no paper concerned with small dams which has diversion tunnel through the dam body. The purpose of this study is to show the common defects of small dams according to various cases of degradation of dams and the repair and retrofit methods which applied to the damaged dams. And this study performed resistivity survey to evaluate the effect of retrofitting dam. Also, this study tries to present the solution which concerned with these common defects in maintenance and design steps.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.296-306
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• 1998

Ongoing huge Bakun Hydropower project is including the construction of a 210 m height hydroelectric rockfill dam with an installed capacity of 2,520 MW and a power transmission system connecting to the existing networks between Sarawak and peninsula Malaysia. In order to allow the main dam construction during the dry season, the Ballui river will have to be detoured through 3 concrete lined diversion tunnels with an internal diameter of 12 m and a length of 1,400 m each. The geology of Bakun site belongs to the several thousand meters thick Belaga formation deposited from the late Cteteceous to the early Teriary in the Northwest Borneo geosyncline. The orientation of the bedding plane, strike at N55$^{\circ}$E to N70$^{\circ}$E and dip at 50$^{\circ}$SE to 70$^{\circ}$SE, is developed uniformly in Bakun sedimentary rocks. Rock mechanical characteristics of Bakun site have been classified into 4 rock mass types(RMT) depending on the degree of weathering and the occurrence of rock jointing with RMR. Graywacke(Sandstone) as well as Shale can take place together in the same rock mass type if their rock mass properties are similar. It was summarized the rock support type and support system design of underground diversion tunnels in view of rock mechanics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.359-359
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 최근 기후변화에 따른 가뭄으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 충청남도 서부권의 물 부족을 해결하기 위하여 금강 본류로부터 보령댐으로 일정 유량을 도수(diversion)하는 계획이 금강 본류에 미치는 수리적 영향을 검토하였으며 특히 금강 본류의 농공용수 취수에 제한을 초래할 수 도 있는 수위에 미치는 영향을 중심으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 공간적 범위는 금강 하굿둑으로부터 하류 외해 방향으로 약 9km 지점에 위치한 금강 하구로부터 상류 방향으로는 금강 하굿둑으로부터 약 76km 지점에 위치한 공주시 반포면 검상동의 검상천 합류지점까지 총 85km에 이르는 구간에 대한 1차원 수리 모형을 구축하였으며, 시간적 범위는 보령댐으로의 도수가 갈수기에 이루어지는 것으로 가정하여 2015년 2월 1일부터 5월 31일까지 진두수위표의 시간별 유량과 8개 지천의 유입 유량, 장항검조소의 시간별 조위, 농공용수 취수시설 취수량 및 회귀수, 금강 배수갑문 운영 등을 고려하여 모형의 보정을 실시하였고, 유황분석에 따른 2016년 갈수기 예측 유량을 추정하여 보령댐으로의 도수에 따라 금강 본류 내 주요 구간의 수위에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였으며, 서해안 조위에 따른 금강하굿둑 배수갑문의 운영에 직접적인 영향을 받는 배수위 구간임을 감안하여 비정상류 해석(unsteady flow analysis)을 수행하였다. 갈수기 예측 유량 추정 결과 2015년과 같은 가뭄이 지속될 경우, 2016년의 유황은 2015년 대비 21%로 분석되었으며 이는 보령댐 도수 여부에 관계없이 물 부족이 발생할 수 있는 상태인 것으로 분석되었고, 하천유지유량 정도의 유황이 유지되는 상태에서 보령댐으로 도수를 실시할 경우, 도수시 금강호 최저 수위는 각각 EL(+)0.94m와 EL(+)0.72m로 모의되어 농업용수를 비롯한 기존 취수시설 뿐만 아니라 보령댐 도수시설의 운영에도 어려움이 생길 것으로 예상되었다. 2016년 갈수기 동안 과업 대상 구간인 금강 하류부의 유황은 농업용수 취수가 본격화되기 이전인 2월에는 하천유지유량 정도의 유황을 유지하는데 별 어려움이 없지만 3월 이후농업용수 취수가 본격화되면 농업용수 취수시설이 집중된 입포수위표 ~ 금강 하굿둑 사이 구간은 하천유지유량 이하로 유량이 크게 감소할 것으로 예상되었다.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.286-296
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• 2011

Purpose: This research was done to compare the pain relief effects of various nursing interventions, such as cold therapy, attention diversion and 10% Lidocaine spray during arteriovenous fistula needling for patients on hemodialysis, and also to identify and develop more effective nursing interventions for pain relief in these patients. Methods: This research was conducted from October 1, 2010 to January 31, 2011 with 8 hemodialysis patients, who were on regular dialysis (3 times a week) at K University Hospital in Seoul and had an arteriovenous fistula within the past 3 months. Each patient received the three nursing interventions (cold therapy, attention diversion and 10% Lidocaine spray therapy) prior to the arteriovenous fistula needling and applied in turn with the series being repeated 4 times. After each intervention, physiologic indexes, subjective and objective pain were measured at the time of needling. ANOVA was used with SPSS/WIN 12.0 to analyze pain scores and comparison of physiologic indexes (BP, pulse). Results: No significant differences were found for subjective pain (p=.574), objective pain (p=.562) and total pain (p=.506) among the 3 interventions. Systolic blood pressure (p=.689), diastolic blood pressure (p=.969) and pulse (p=.980) also showed no significant difference among the 3 interventions. Conclusion: These 3 interventions are all possible for pain relief during arteriovenous fistula needling for these patients. However, the only interventions that nurses can do independently are cold therapy and attention diversion so we recommend that these nursing interventions be used.