• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.6B
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• pp.551-560
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• 2006

Security in WPAN is one of the most fundamental issues to overcome the barrier of wireless environment. Although piconet security mechanisms have been defined in the WPAN standards, many remains open and are left for implementation. Koinonia is a high-rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technology, and is developed for multimedia traffic transmission in personal area. In Koinonia WPAN, a piconet consists of one master and more than one slave, and piconet security mechanisms is not defined at all. Therefore, we propose a robust piconet security mechanism for secure communications between slaves in a piconet. Based on security requirements analysis, our proposed protocols are shown to meet the security needs for Koinonia high-rate WPAN.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.205-212
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• 2007

The ubiquitous sensor network consists of micro sensors with wireless communication capabilities. Compared to wired communication, wireless communication is more subject to eavesdropping as well as data variation and manipulation. Accordingly, there must be efforts to secure the information delivered over the sensor network. Providing security to the sensor network, however, requires additional energy consumption, which is an important issue since energy transformation is difficult to implement in a sensor network. This paper proposes a routing mechanism based on the energy-efficient cluster that features security functions capable of safely processing the data acquired from the sensor network. The proposed algorithm reduces energy consumption by fixing the clusters formed at the initial stage and using the pre-distribution scheme so that the cluster and node keys generated and exchanged at the initial stage are not re-generated or re-exchanged. Simulation experiments confirmed that the proposed approach reduces energy consumption compared to implementing security measures to the conventional cluster-based routing mechanism.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.353-360
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• 2017

The Internet of Things(IoT) security has more need than a technical problem as it needs series of regulations and faultless security system for common purposes. So, this study proposes an efficient key management in order that can be trusted IoT data in cloud computing. In contrast with a key distribution center of existing sensor networks, the proposed a federation key management of cloud proxy key server is not central point of administration and enables an active key recovery and update. The proposed key management is not a method of predetermined secret keys but sharing key information of a cloud proxy key server in autonomous cloud, which can reduce key generation and space complexity. In addition, In contrast with previous IoT key researches, a federation key of cloud proxy key server provides an extraction ability from meaningful information while moving data.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.2442-2454
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• 2012

To ensure the security of wireless sensor networks, it is important to have a robust key management scheme. In this paper, we propose a Quorum-based key management scheme. A specific sensor, called as key distribution server (KDS), generates a key matrix and establishes a quorum system from the key matrix. The quorum system is a set system of subsets that the intersection of any two subsets is non-empty. In our scheme, each sensor is assigned a subset of the quorum system as its pre-distributed keys. Whenever any two sensors need a shared key, they exchange their IDs, and then each sensor by itself finds a common key from its assigned subset. A shared key is then generated by the two sensors individually based on the common key. By our scheme, no key is needed to be refreshed as a sensor leaves the network. Upon a sensor joining the network, the KDS broadcasts a message containing the joining sensor ID. After receiving the broadcast message, each sensor updates the key which is in common with the new joining one. Only XOR and hash operations are required to be executed during key update process, and each sensor needs to update one key only. Furthermore, if multiple sensors would like to have a secure group communication, the KDS broadcasts a message containing the partial information of a group key, and then each sensor in the group by itself is able to restore the group key by using the secret sharing technique without cooperating with other sensors in the group.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.1670-1676
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• 2010

It is easy to reproduce and manipulate the digital contents. It's difficult to distinguish the original contents with a pirate one. A digital signature scheme is used to protect the contents author's ownership and to provide secure contents distribution. Generally, the digital contents is completed with many authors' help. It's necessary to apply a cryptographic method for protecting co-authors' rights and interests. In this paper, the biometric based convertible undeniable multi-signature scheme is proposed. In the proposed scheme, keys are generated by using a signer's biometric data. Consigning the private key to another signer is infeasible. Signers must participate in signature generation and verification stages. Our scheme also provides signature conversion protocol in which the undeniable signature is converted to the ordinary one. For applications, we show how the proposed scheme is used to protect co-authors' rights and to distribute the contents securely.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.310-323
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• 2006

In this paper, we describe a secure cluster-routing protocol based on a multi-layer scheme in ad hoc networks. We propose efficient protocols, Authentication based on Multi-layer Clustering for Ad hoc Networks (AMCAN), for detailed security threats against ad hoc routing protocols using the selection of the cluster head (CH) and control cluster head (CCH) using a modification of cluster-based routing ARCH and DMAC. This protocol provides scalability of Shadow Key using threshold authentication scheme in ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol comprises an end-to-end authentication protocol that relies on mutual trust between nodes in other clusters. This scheme takes advantage of Shadow Key using threshold authentication key configuration in large ad hoc networks. In experiments, we show security threats against multilayer routing scheme, thereby successfully including, establishment of secure channels, the detection of reply attacks, mutual end-to-end authentication, prevention of node identity fabrication, and the secure distribution of provisional session keys using threshold key configuration.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2006

Among several movements that occurred upon a slope, golf swing is the most typical one because environmental conditions dynamically vary with many kinds of slopes. Some studies on the golf swing were performed about a weight transfer on flatland, however, there couldn't be seen any study about the weight transfer on slope elsewhere. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide quantified data to objectively test the coaching words and keys about the weight transfer at sidehill slope during goal impact EspeciaIly sidehill Slopes with ball above the feet. Four highschool golfer, who have average handy 5, were recruited for this study. Plantar pressure distribution and cinematographic data were collected during golf swing in the conditions of flatland, $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$sidehill slope simultaneously. The two data were used to synchronize the two data later. The plantar regions under the foot were divided into 8 regions according to the directly applied pressure pattern of the subject to insole sensor. The 8 foot regions were hullux, medial forefoot, central forefoot, lateral forefoot, medial midfoot, lateral midfoot, medial heel, and lateral heel. And the plantar pressure data was also divided into four movement address, phases-backswing. downswing, and follow-through phases according to the percentage shown to the visual information of film data. Based on the investigations on public golf books and experiences of golfers, it was hypothesized by the authors in the early of this study that the steeper slopes are, the more weight loads on left foot that positions at the higher place. When observing the results of plantar pressure and vertical force curves according to the sidehill slope conditions, the hypothesis could be accepted.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.13-32
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• 2016

Neillieae was traditionally recognized as a small tribe in Rosaceae, which consists of Neillia, Stephanandra, and Physocarpus. Recently, Stephanandra was merged into Neillia based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, meaning that Neillieae now contains Neillia and Physocarpus. The genus Neillia is distinguished from Physocarpus by ovate to lanceolate leaves with acuminate to caudate apices, racemose or paniculate inflorescences, and a unicarpellate (rarely bicarpellate) gynoecium. Plants of Neillia are distributed from the Himalayas across China and Korea to Japan in the east, and south to Indonesia. This study provides a taxonomic treatment of Neillia based on a morphological examination of herbarium specimens, including types, and field observations, as the second part of the taxonomic revision of the tribe Neillieae. A summary of the phylogeny of Neillia, keys to the species, nomenclatural reviews, descriptions, distribution maps, and lists of specimens examined are provided. Twelve species with ten varieties are recognized in Neillia. A lectotype was designated here for the following species: N. sinensis f. glanduligera and N. thyrsiflora.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.3-13
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• 2004

DRM is the ability to brand digital contents with features that ensure copy Protection and affect the way in which digital contents are played back. DRM is a technology that enables the secure distribution, promotion and sale of digital contents on the Internet. The DRM Client System that operates on the untrusted user environments has to meet the requirements of the contents owner, including copyright and contents protection. After the DRM Client System is installed on the untrusted user environments, it verifies and plays digital contents. With these procedures it cuties out user authentication, contents decryption, and license management. During these procedures, the sensitive data, including authentication information, decryption data and license data, must be secured against any illegal access from users. The goal of this thesis is to introduce the implementation of Secure Storage Device which can protect user's authentication key, cryptographic key, and license data in safe where the DRM Client System is running.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.18C no.5
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• pp.331-338
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• 2011

The RFID system includes a section of wireless communication between the readers and the tags. Because of its vulnerability in terms of security, this part is always targeted by attackers and causes various security problems including the leakage of secret and the invasion of privacy. In response to these problems, various protocols have been proposed, but because many of them have been hardly implementable they have been limited to theoretical description and theorem proving without the accurate verification of their safety. Thus, this study tested whether the protocol proposed by Kenji et al. satisfies security requirements, and identified its vulnerabilities such as the exposure of IDs and messages. In addition, we proposed an improved RFID security protocol that reduced the number of public keys and random numbers. As one of its main characteristics, the proposed protocol was designed to avoid unnecessary calculations and to remove vulnerabilities in terms of security. In order to develop and verify a safe protocol, we tested the protocol using Casper and FDR(Failure Divergence Refinements) and confirmed that the proposed protocol is safe in terms of security. Furthermore, the academic contributions of this study are summarized as follows. First, this study tested the safety of a security protocol through model checking, going beyond theorem proving. Second, this study suggested a more effective method for protocol development through verification using FDR.