• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.523-540
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• 2015

Based on limit equilibrium principles, this study presents a theoretical derivation of a new analytical formulation for estimating magnitude and lateral earth pressure distribution on a retaining wall subjected to seismic loads. The proposed solution accounts for failure wedge inclination, unit weight and friction angle of backfill soil, wall roughness, and horizontal and vertical seismic ground accelerations. The current analysis predicts a nonlinear lateral earth pressure variation along the wall with and without seismic loads. A parametric study is conducted to examine the influence of various parameters on lateral earth pressure distribution. Findings reveal that lateral earth pressure increases with the increase of horizontal ground acceleration while it decreases with the increase of vertical ground acceleration. Compared to classical theory, the position of resultant lateral earth force is located at a higher distance from wall base which in turn has a direct impact on wall stability and economy. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the computations of lateral earth pressure distribution based on the suggested analytical method.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1365-1370
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• 2013

This paper examines the effects of magnetic induction attenuation on current distribution in the exit regions of the Faraday-type, non-equilibrium plasma Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator by numerical calculation using cesium-seeded helium. Calculations show that reasonable magnetic induction attenuation creates a very uniform current distribution near the exit region of generator channel. Furthermore, it was determined that the current distribution in the middle part of generator is negligible, and the output electrodes can be used without large ballast resistors. In addition, the inside resistance of the exit region and the current concentration at the exit electrode edges, both decrease with the attenuation of magnetic flux density. The author illustrates that the exit electrodes of the diagonal Faraday-type, non-equilibrium plasma MHD generator should be arranged in the attenuation region of the magnetic induction, in order to improve the electrical parameters of the generator.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2003

Benzoic acid is produced about 700 tons/year in Korea as of 1998 survey. Most is used as a stabilizer in the processes of synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes. It is also used for ingradient of paint, disinfections, and antifungals. Due to the antioxidant activity of benzoic acid, the chemical is also used as food preservatives. Although the chemical is widely used in Korea, exposure levels in air, water, soil or sediment have not been monitored or estimated so that risk evaluation of benzoic acid was not possible. In this study, distribution of the chemical among environmental media was estimated using EQC model based on the chemical-physical properties. In Level I and II of which the chemical are hypothesized in equilibrium and no transfer through the media, more than 93％ of benzoic acid are estimated to be distributed in water. However, in Level III of which non-equilibrium and intermedia transfer could be occurred, the chemical is estimated to distributed to soil, 64％ and water,35% as of total amount.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.88-93
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• 1996

The initial condition should be consistent with real reactor core state for the simulation of the core transient. The initial xenon distribution, which cad not be measured in the core, has a significant effect on the transient with xenon dynamics of PWR. In the simulation of the transient stating from non-equilibrium xenon state, the accurate initialization of the non-equilibrium xenon distribution is essential to predict the core transient behavior. In this study, the xenon initialization method to predict the core transient more accurately was developed through the first-order perturbation theory of the relationship between simulated power and measured power distribution and verified by the application of the simulation for a startup test of Yonggwang Unit 3.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.37-59
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• 2018

This study investigates the effects of the distribution channel structure on quality decisions under duopoly competition. I considers a set-up in which two retailers compete on product quality and retail price. In the set-up, the integrated retailer has the power to determine the quality of its exclusive product, while the decentralized retailer does not. For the decentralized retailer, the supplier determines product quality. I find that asymmetric pairs of a decentralized channel by one retailer and an integrated channel by the other retailer can be a Nash equilibrium in a simultaneous-channel-choice model. The two retailers select different levels of quality, and this quality competition benefits retailers by softening price competition. In a sequential-channel-choice model, I find that the leader can obtain a first-mover advantage. From the perspective of the supplier, which can decide the distribution channel structure and level of quality, both suppliers choose the decentralized channel in equilibrium.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2011

Trip distribution is the second step of the conventional travel demand estimation process, which connects trips between origin and destination, while transport mode choice is the third step of the process, which chooses transport mode among several modes serving for each origin-destination pair. Although these two steps have closely connected, they have been estimated independently each other in the estimation procedure. This paper presents an integrated model combining trip distribution and transport mode choice, and also presents its solution algorithm. The model integrates gravity model adopted for the trip distribution process with logit model employed for the mode choice process. The model would be expected to cope with the inconsistency issue existing in the conventional travel demand estimation procedure. This paper also presents an equilibrium condition, sensitivity of the model, and compares them with those of existing models.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.62 no.11
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• pp.1535-1540
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• 2013

In this paper, the Radial Magnetic Force(RMF) and cogging torque which cause vibration and noise in IPM type BLDC motor were analyzed. The cogging torque and RMF cause electromagnetic vibration. So, a notch was installed for the equilibrium of RMF and cogging torque reduction. The notch was analyzed by using a Fourier Series for the energy distribution of the air-gap. The equilibrium of RMF and the reduction of cogging torque were performed by a Design Of Experiment(DOE) with the notch. Also, operating characteristics and efficiency were analyzed and compared.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-71
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• 1990

The behavioral mechanism underlying the traffic assignment model is a choice, or decision-making process of traveling paths between origins and destinations. The deterministic approach to traffic assignment assumes that travelers choose shortest path from their origin-destination pair. Although this assumption seems reasonable, it presumes that all travelers have perfect information regarding travel time, that they make consistently correct decision, and that they all behave in identical fashion. Stochastic user equilibrium assignment relaxes these presumptions by including a random component in traveler's perception of travel time. The objective of this study is to compare "A Model of Deterministic User Equilibrium Assignment" with "Models of Stochastic User Equilibrium Assignment" in the theoretical and practical aspects. Specifically, SUE models are developed to logit and probit based models according to discrete choice functions. The models were applied to sioux Falls net ork consisting of 24 zones, 24 nodes and 76 links. The distribution of perceived travel time was obtained by using the relationship between speed and traffic flow.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.389-405
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• 1995

Output processes emanating from exit arcs in a mulitple server open Jackson network with node i having $s_i$ servers are determined. Beutler and Melamed (1978) showed, for traffics on all exit arcs of single server open Jackson network in equilibrium, that the customer streams leaving any exit set are Poisson and that the collections over all nodes which yield the Poisson departure processes are mutually independent. In this paper we generalize the above results to multiple servers open Jackson network in equilibrium. While no weak limit result is possible under the equilibrium condition, nonetheless approximations to the distributions of maximum queue lengths for no feedback nodes in multiple servers open Jackson network are established.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2017

In order to reduce costs of electricity energy at periods of peak demand, there has been an exponential interest in Demand Response (DR). This paper discusses the effect on the participants' behavior in response to DR. Under the assumption of perfect competition, the equilibrium point of the electricity market with DR is derived by modeling a DR curve, which is suitable for microeconomic analysis. Cournot model is used to analyze the electricity market of imperfect competition that includes strategic behavior of the generation companies. Strategic behavior with DR makes it harder to compute equilibrium point due to the non-differential function of payoff distribution. This paper presents a solution method for achieving the equilibrium point using the best response function of the strategic players. The effect of DR on the electricity market is illustrated using a test system.