• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2007

Background: The safety of cervical transforaminal epidural block has been the subject of debate, therefore, this study was conducted to measure the angle of the cervical transforaminal axis and to investigate its relationship to the internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery and vertebral artery. Methods: One hundred cases of cervical MRI were reviewed. The angle between a line passing through the center of the vertebral body and spinous process and a line passing through the center of the lamina in C3-4, C4-5 and C5-6 was measured and designated as A-degree. Additionally, we drew a line at the back of the vertebral artery that ran parallel to a line passing through the center of the lamina, which was presented as A-line. We then examined the distribution of the area in which the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery were located. Results: The mean values of the A-degree in C3-4, C4-5 and C5-6 were $53.5{\pm}4.3$, $54.2{\pm}4.6$ and $54.3{\pm}4.8$, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among age groups or vertebral levels (ANOVA test, P > 0.05). The A-line was distributed primarily throughout zone 3, 4, and 5 in C3-4 and zone 5 in C4-5 and C5-6. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the mean values of A-degree were not statistically different among each age group and each vertebral level. However, the A-line may be located in the zone in which the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery lie and individual differences in the A-degree remain.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 1998

The Creataceous volcanic rocks distributed in the southeastern part (Kyeongsang basin) of Korea peninsula are composed of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite. The variation of major elements show that contents of MgO, CaO, $FeO^T$, $Al_2O_3$, $TiO_2$ and $P_2O_5$ decrease with increasing of $SiO_2$, but $K_2O$ contents are increased slightly, $Na_2O$ widely dispersed. We can show slightly inflection point and low frequency of dacites in range between 63-65 wt.% $SiO_2$, while continuous trend exit in variation diagram. Variation trends in Harker diagrams for the major, minor, trace and REEs suggest that the BAV (basaltic to andesitic volcanics) and DRV (dacitic to rhyolitic volcanics) are not related to a simple crystal fractionation process. In the regime of under 65 wt. % in silica content, fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene is predominant, while that of plagioclase happens strongly higher than 65 wt.% (e.g., $SiO_2$, vs. Eu and Sr, MgO vs. $Al_2O_3$ and CaO). The latter means low-pressure fractional crystallization for DRV. On the discriminant diagram, DRV are located in more mature environment than BAV. The $(Ce/Sm)_N$ vs. CeN digram shows that these two classes cannot be related to crystal fractionation. If they had been produced by fractionation, although they plotted in a slightly elongate cluster along the same horizontal trend, DRV should lie to the right of these primitive compositions. These diagrams clearly rule out a simple fractionation throughout from BAV to DRV. BAV had been influenced greatly subductiong slab as shown by K/Yb vs. Ta/Yb. We suggest that BAV primitive magma generated higher degree of partial melting than DRV primitive magma. LILE (K, Ba, $Rb{\pm}Th$) enriched characteristics as shown in BAV are inherited from subducting slab fluids and/or higher degree of partial melting of mantle material. However, lower degree of partial melting of mantle relative to BA V and contamination at high-level magma reservoir caused LILE enrichment to DRV.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2002

The recent development of embodiment technology of the medical images makes most medical institutions introduce PACS(Picture Archiving and Communication System) in haste. However lots of PACS solutions, currently developed and distributed, haven't been able to serve the convenience of users and to satisfy user's demand because of economic limitations and administrator-oriented considerations in the process of development. So we have developed MIH(Medical Image History), by which we can search and refer to the patient's medical images and information with few restrictions of time and space for diagnosis and treatment. This program will contribute to the improvement in the medical environment and meet the clients' need. We'll make more effort to develop the application which insures the better quality of medical images. MIH manages the patient's image files and medical records like film chart in connection with time. This trial will contribute to the reduction of the economical loss caused by unnecessary references and improve the quality in the medical services. The demand on the development or the program which refers to the medical +ata quickly and keeps them stable will be continued by the medical institute. This will satisfy the client's demand and improve the service to the patients in that tile program will be modified from the standpoint of the users. MIH is trying to keep user-oriented policy and to apply the benefit of the analog system to the digital environment. It is necessary to lead the public to the better understanding that the systematic management and referring of the medical images is as important as the quality of the images.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.37-51
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• 2012

Objectives : The objective of this study is to determine the present state of patients with breast cancer use of Korean medicine(KM) and predictive factors for the use. Through this, the present study is intended to present reasonable treatment approaches for patients with breast cancer as well as communicating correct information on KM to healthcare providers and presenting objective alternatives for patients with breast cancer management based on the subjects' experience in health benefits obtained from their use of KM. Methods : To collect data for the present study, questionnaire surveys were conducted on outpatients who visited four hospitals located in Seoul, Korea during around three weeks from May 31, 2012. Although the total number of the questionnaire sheet distributed in the form of directly asking questionnaire questions was 300, 12 incomplete questionnaire sheets were excluded. Therefore, the number of questionnaire sheets actually used in analyses was 288 and thus the collect rate was 96%. Results : Major results of this study are as follows. First, the number of subjects who responded to the questionnaire was 288 in total. Forty-six percent of the patients reported KM usage and the most commonly used ginseng and qigong/exercise. KM use was found to be associated with age, experiencing side effects of cancer treamnent. Factors that affect the use of KM were analyzed by Linear Logistic Regression and the results showed that age, experiencing side effects of cancer treatment, effectiveness of cancer treatment, and satisfaction of the treatment were factors that were related with relatively more frequent use of KM. Conclusions : Comparing the previous studies, it could be seen that patients with breast cancer were highly interested in and used KM in which conventional medicine and KM are used simultaneously. Knowledge on the integrative use of KM and conventional therapies is necessary for cancer physicians and traditional Korean medical doctors to help patients make informed choices. KM use may play a role in the positive benefits associated with process of breast center treatment. Healthcare providers should communicate correct information on the KM use that has been scientifically verified and talk with each other openly. The fact that the significant correlation between predictive factors for the use of KM was identified trough the present study is quite meaningful.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.109-133
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of the TOC (Table of Contents)-based research record system and to comparatively analyze its usability, in order to comprehensively and systematically manage and practically use the various research records generated from the entire process of research and development. For this purpose, the templates for technical recording and the components of each item were proposed to enable technical recording based on TOC, and structured contents were designed to organically connect between these TOC technical records and existing research records. Also, a database logical schema was developed to design a database, and a test collection was constructed on the basis of research records and TOC technical records. Finally, the model of research record system was constructed by designing TOC record search system and user interface including integrated search system. Based on this model, the usability assessment was performed by comparing the existing distributed general systems with the TOC-based research record system. As a result of the comparative analysis of these two systems, the TOC-based research record system showed generally higher utilization of research records than the general systems.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.455-459
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• 2003

In the great motive power which promotes the Game of future to develop. three main factors focus on 3D Graphics, Network and Virtual Reality. the Network technique as necessary elemental technique in Next-generation on-line game is being researched largely. However, from viewing the features of on-line game, if many users meet in same server, it not only causes heavy load to the server and brings inconvenience to the users, but also increases expense to the service provider and creates a problem which is to put up server or not. A proposal is going to do hybrid distributed system a client hardly depends on server for this paper, and to be able to enjoy a network game through information alternating current between clients. depended on the existing server, and the most message processing did a design in order to achieve between clients. A design way to propose is as follows. Primarily it was done in order proposed a message grade anger process way, and to be able to manage server or a client according to importance of message, and, with the second, did a Client-Server method and a Pear-to-Pear method at the same time, and a chase did efficiency. Third is going to propose other problem solving way by message grade anger in multi-anger and a security section of a message cue.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.4
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• pp.463-474
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• 2009

To analyze multidimensional data conveniently and efficiently, OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) systems or e-business are widely using views in a horizontal form to represent measurement values over multiple dimensions. These views can be stored as materialized views derived from several sources in order to support accesses to the integrated data. The horizontal views can provide effective accesses to complex queries of OLAP or e-business. However, we have a problem of occurring maintenance of the horizontal views since data sources are distributed over remote sites. We need a method that propagates the changes of source tables to the corresponding horizontal views. In this paper, we address incremental maintenance of horizontal views that makes it possible to reflect the changes of source tables efficiently. We first propose an overall framework that processes queries over horizontal views transformed from source tables in a vertical form. Under the proposed framework, we propagate the change of vertical tables to the corresponding horizontal views. In order to execute this view maintenance process efficiently, we keep every change of vertical tables in a differential file and then modify the horizontal views with the differential file. Because the differential file is represented as a vertical form, its tuples should be converted to those in a horizontal form to apply them to the out-of-date horizontal view. With this mechanism, horizontal views can be efficiently refreshed with the changes in a differential file without accessing source tables. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves average performance by 1.2$\sim$5.0 times over the existing methods.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2011

The radar observation system in Japan is operated by two governmental groups: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan. The JMA radar observation network is comprised of 20 C-band radars (with a wavelength of 5.6 cm), which cover most of the Japan Islands and observe rainfall intensity and distribution. And the MLIT's radar observation system is composed of 26 C-band radars throughout Japan. The observed radar echo from each radar unit is first modified, and then sent to the National Bureau of Synthesis Process within the MLIT. Through several steps for homogenizing observation accuracy, including distance and elevation correction, synthesized rainfall intensity maps for the entire nation of Japan are generated every 5 minutes. The MLIT has recently launched a new radar observation network system designed for flash flood observation and forecasting in small river basins within urban areas. It is called the X-band multi parameter radar network, and is distinguished by its dual polarimetric wave pulses of short length (3cm). Attenuation problems resulting from the short wave length of radar echo are strengthened by polarimetric wavelengths and very dense radar networks. Currently, the network is established within four areas. Each area is observed using 3-4 X-band radars with very fine resolution in spatial (250 m) and temporal (1 minute intervals). This study provides a series of utilization procedures for the new input data into a real-time forecasting system. First of all, the accuracy of the X-band radar observation was determined by comparing its results with the rainfall intensities as observed by ground gauge stations. It was also compared with conventional C-band radar observation. The rainfall information from the new radar network was then provided to a distributed hydrologic model to simulate river discharges. The simulated river discharges were evaluated again using the observed river discharge to estimate the applicability of the new observation network in the context of operations regarding flood forecasting. It was able to determine that the newly equipped X-band polarimetric radar network shows somewhat improved observation accuracy compared to conventional C-band radar observation. However, it has a tendency to underestimate the rainfall, and the accuracy is not always superior to that of the C-band radar. The accuracy evaluation of the X-band radar observation in this study was conducted using only limited rainfall events, and more cases should be examined for developing a broader understanding of the general behavior of the X-band radar and for improving observation accuracy.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.23-36
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• 2012

This study aims to think about the problem of dolmens: the reasons for the presence of dolmens and how to construct it, at the point of view of geographical and geomorphological. The subjects of this study is the dolmens which locate between at Dogok Hyosanri and Chunyang Daesinri Hwasoon-gun, Jeonlanamdo. The study areas in Hyosanri, Daesinri has been observed as follows. First, the long axis direction of Dolmen upper stone and the slope one are the same. Second, tor, block stream, hockey stick, etc. Third, Composition of the soil silt> sand> clay is distributed in the order. Forth, The soil of high quality silt and the roundness of angular, sub-angular-level and the high frequency, peaks of quarts and illite clay minerals show. Fifth, in the result of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$, $SiO_2/R_2O_3$, and CIA(Chemical Index of Alteration), Hyosanri, Daesinri areas show mechanical weathering was dominant and chemical weathering environment was not being progressed. The blocks used in construction of dolmens had moved to the bottom of slopes by mass movement such as solifluction then them which had been placed in the position seem to be used by people of Bronze. Based on the above results, the process of construction of dolmens can be estimated as follows. They would dig up the ground under the upper stone of dolmens, put the supporting stone in the place, then dig up earth, place into remains, close the obturating stones, then heal up earth.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.93-112
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the flow of e-commerce freight transported by maritime transportation for China and to identify the characteristics of cargo by region/item for finding the ways to promote e-commerce export to China. Thus, this study analyzed the e-commerce export and import data on cargo moved via maritime transportation between Korea and China from 2015 to 1Q18, using Origin-Destination(OD) analysis and visualization techniques. The results indicated that the largest number of Chinese e-commerce cargoes were imported at Incheon Port, which has a clearance facility for e-commerce cargo. In the case of Pyeongtaek Port, e-commerce cargo imported from China has transported to Incheon Customs again, causing the inefficiency through the customs clearance process. Unlike the case of e-commerce imports where the final destination is distributed nationwide, e-commerce products exported to China through maritime transportation were found to be mainly confined to Seoul and Gyeonggi provinces, where freight forwarding companies and forwarders are concentrated. In addition, unlike e-commerce import cargoes, e-commerce items exported through maritime transportation were mainly confined to clothing and cosmetics, and export volume was also less than imports. This study provides some possible strategies to increase the volume of freight and to attract export products as follows: i) to diversify products exported to China through e-commerce transshipment, ii) to diversify export items by building the cold chain in e-commerce transport with China.