• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2015

It is well known that proteins present in the primary urine are reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubules, and that this reabsorption is mediated via the megalin-cubilin complex and the neonatal $Fc{\gamma}$ receptor. However, the reabsorption is also thought to be influenced by an electrostatic interaction between protein molecules and the microvilli of the renal proximal tubules. By analyzing the charge diversity of urinary IgG, we showed that this reabsorption process occurs in a cationic charge-preferential manner. The charge-selective molecular sieving function of the glomerular capillary walls has long been a target of research since Brenner et al. demonstrated the existence of this function by a differential clearance study by using the anionic dextran sulfate polymer. However, conclusive evidence was not obtained when the study was performed using differential clearance of serum proteins. We noted that immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG have similar molecular sizes but distinct molecular isoelectric points. Therefore, we studied the differential clearance of these serum proteins (clearance IgA/clearance IgG) in podocyte diseases and glomerulonephritis. In addition, we studied this differential clearance in patients with Dent disease rather than in normal subjects because the glomerular sieving function is considered to be normal in subjects with Dent disease. Our results clearly showed that the charge-selective barrier is operational in Dent disease, impaired in podocyte disease, and lacking in glomerulonephritis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.274-277
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• 2017

Objectives: Legionnaires' disease (LD) is a severe type of pneumonia caused by inhalation of aerosols contaminated with Legionella. On September 22, 2016, a single case of LD was reported from a newly built apartment building in Gyeonggi province. This article describes an epidemiologic investigation of LD and identification of the possible source of infection. Methods: To identify the source of LD, we interviewed the patient's husband using a questionnaire based on the Legionella management guidelines from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Water samples from the site were collected and analyzed. An epidemiological investigation of the residents and visitors in the apartment building was conducted for 14 days before the index patient's symptoms first appeared to 14 days after the implementation of environmental control measures. Results: Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from the heated-water samples from the patient's residence and the basement of the apartment complex. Thirty-two suspected cases were reported from the apartment building during the surveillance period, yet all were confirmed negative based on urinary antigen tests. Conclusions: The likely source of infection was the building's potable water, particularly heated water. Further study of effective monitoring systems in heated potable water should be considered.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2005

Crohn's disease of the perineum is notably resistant to treatment. We describe our experiences of tacrolimus ointment application in three patients with intractable perianal Crohn's disease. At the time of diagnosis patients showed anal fissure with ulcer, anal fistula, or perianal abscess, respectively. These lesions did not respond to steroid, metronidazole, mesalazine, or azathioprine, though the pediatric Crohn's disease activity index was markedly improved during the treatment period (4 to 12 months). Topical tacrolimus was applied and resulted in marked healing and a rapid granulation of cavity edges within 6 weeks to 3 months. Topical tacrolimus at a low dose shows a promise for the management of childhood perianal Crohn's disease. Further controlled studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of this treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2019

Background and Objectives : The aim of this study is verify the correlation between benign laryngeal mucosal disease and metabolic syndrome. Materials and Method : Data for patients diagnosed with benign laryngeal mucosal disease and metabolic syndrome from 2006 to 2015 were selected for analysis from the National Health Insurance Service database. Results : The prevalence of Metabolic syndrome was 2,179,785 out of 6,437,051 patients (33.86%). The prevalence of benign laryngeal mucosal disease was 516,594 out of 6,437,051 patients (8.03%). Metabolic syndrome was a risk factor for benign laryngeal mucosal disease [hazard ratio: 0.99, 95% confidence interval: 0.984-0.997] after adjusting for age and other variables including age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, body mass index, and diabetes. The number of metabolic syndrome components was also risk factor. Conclusion : Metabolic syndrome was related to the incidence of benign laryngeal mucosal disease. However this correlation did not seem to be high.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2003

Purpose : Every year, there is a remarkable increase in the prevalence of children with excess body fat. The aim of this study is to find a useful screening method in assessing adolescent, obesity and to specify the predictable risk factors that are related to adult cardiovascular disease according to BMI and obesity index. Methods : From July to November in 2001, a total of 2,814(male : female=2,011 : 803) mid to high school students who were in the obesity range according to obesity index(>20%) were evaluated according to height, weight, body mass index(BMI), obesity index, and serum lipid levels. Results : Among the obese students over 20% by obesity index, 86.6% were over the range of 95 percentile by BMI. Among students defined as obese by BMI, 21.0% of males and 21.4% of females students had hypercholesterolemia; by obesity index, the ratio was 20.7% male and 19.0% female. The frequency of hypertriglyceremia in male students was 15.0% in group I(overweight group, 85P97p); in female students 11.8%, 20.7% and 28.2% respectively. Conclusion : In this study, using BMI alone to test the serum lipid level in adolescent obesity had a limit of 10.0-17.0% omission. Therefore using obesity index as a screening method to find the adult cardiovascular disease would rather reduce the omission rate. The risk factor of cardiovascular disease according to BMI was the increasing level of triglyceride in both male and female students. We think that using the obesity index has more rationale rather than BMI in assessing lipid profiles.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the needs for nutrition programs in the public health centers by general characteristics and body mass index (BMI) of community residents. Information of general characteristics of study participants including age, education, income, marital status, residence, and job, and resident's interest in nutrition programs, the preferred educational methods and the willingness to participate in nutrition programs were collected by an interview. Weight and height were measured and were used to calculate the BMI. The program that resident's were most interested in was 'diet therapy for chronic disease and counseling' ($28.5\%$), followed by 'nutritional management for the elderly' ($21.1\%$), and 'obesity and weight control' ($17.1\%$). 'Education and counseling by nutrition professionals' was the most preferred educational method. Among the programs that the subjects would participate in, if they were offered in public health centers, $65.8\%$ subjects would participate in 'diet therapy for chronic disease and counseling' programs, $64.9\%$ would participate in 'nutritional management for the elderly' programs and $52.2\%$ would participate in 'obesity and weight control' programs. The contents of programs that the subjects were interested in, the preferred methods and their willingness to participate nutrition programs differed significantly by age, income, education, marital status, and body mass index. The results imply that the planning of nutrition interventions in the public health centers must be tailored and targeted group specific by taking the participants general characteristics and body mass index into consideration. This would surely increase the nutrition program's effectiveness

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.219-234
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• 2010

In index investing according to KOSPI, we estimate Value at Risk(VaR) from the extreme losses of the daily returns which are obtained from KOSPI. To this end, we apply Block Maxima(BM) model which is one of the useful models in the extreme value theory. We also estimate the extremal index to consider the dependency in the occurrence of extreme losses. From the back-testing based on the failure rate method, we can see that the model is adaptable for the VaR estimation. We also compare this model with the GARCH model which is commonly used for the VaR estimation. Back-testing says that there is no meaningful difference between the two models if we assume that the conditional returns follow the t-distribution. However, the estimated VaR based on GARCH model is sensitive to the extreme losses occurred near the epoch of estimation, while that on BM model is not. Thus, estimating the VaR based on GARCH model is preferred for the short-term prediction. However, for the long-term prediction, BM model is better.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.442-453
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• 2014

Objectives: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known to be the detrimental chemicals in the body, even at low levels, and are stored in adipose tissue. Recently, POPs have been reported to be associated with chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease, and aging and obesity are reported as common factors in chronic disease. However, there have been only a few studies on the associations of POPs with age and body mass index (BMI) in Korea. Therefore, we analyzed the associations of serum POPs levels with age and BMI in Korea. Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 444 subjects (253 men and 191 women) from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (2004-2011). Serum levels of 33 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured by a gas chromatographer (Agilent 6890) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometer (JEOL JMS-800D). Results: Concentrations of PCB 153 (men: 12.26 ng/g lipid, women: 10.50 ng/g lipid) and p,p'-DDE (men: 94.66 ng/g lipid, women: 96.66 ng/g lipid) were the highest among serum PCBs and OCPs, respectively. PCBs and OCPs were significantly positively correlated with age in both sexes. After adjustment for age, non-dioxin like PCBs were significantly negatively correlated with body mass in women. However, cis-heptachlor epoxide was significantly positively correlated with body mass index in both sexes. When analyzed by sex, stronger associations were shown between POPs and age in men and POPs and BMI in women. Conclusion: These results may provide baseline data for the study of POPs and for the health management field in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.773-788
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in nutrient intake according to the level of self-perception of health status, aging status and life satisfaction of the rural elderly. The factors for the study were surveyed by interview method. The subjects were 270 people(71 male, 129 female) aged over 65 years(73.5 $\pm$ 5.6ys) in the Ham-an area. The obtained results as follows : By evaluation of self-perception of health status, 57.5% of subjects answered they are in a bad health condition. The 91.5% of subjects had diseases(rheumatitis & arthritis 31.4%, cardiovascular disease 20.2%, gastric disease 10.2%). The women had more diseases than the men(p < 0.01). The subjects took medical treatment in private hospital(40.5%) and public health centers(35.0%). The men showed better level of aging status(p < 0.001) and life satisfaction index(p < 0.01) than the worsen. Living with spouse influenced the aging status(p < 0.05) and the more pocket money influenced life satisfaction(p < 0.05) and aging status(p < 0.05). The elderly who eat regularly 3 times a day(p < 0.05) and have a good appetite(p < 0.001) appeared to have positive effect on the self perception of health status and aging status. An increasing level of the self-perception of health status and regular exercise worked to improve aging status(p < 0.001). The habits of smoking and alcohol drinking, however had no effect on any index. The self-perception of health status affected the nutrient intake, but only in female elderly. The aging status and the life satisfaction index related overall positively to the intake of nutrients. In conclusion, the study shows that gender did influence nutrient intake in the elderly. The women who live alone rated lowest in social resources and health condition therefore their nutrient intake was also extremely in deficit. For successful aging, a program for rural elderly is needed, i.e. actions to provide minimum economic life, food delivery and psychological/physical health care through regional public health centers.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.829-837
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• 2006

Halitosis, defined as an unpleasant oral odor, is a commonly experienced condition with a variety of etiological factors and may cause a significant social or psychological handicap to those suffering from it, In most cases, halitosis originates within the oral cavity itself and patients with periodontal disease often suffer from oral malodor, The most common cause of this disease is related to microbiota which reside on the tongue and in the periodontal pocket, This study was undertaken to examine the effect of full mouth disinfection including tongue scraping on oral malodor in a group of patients with chronic periodontitis, The relationship between halitosis and oral health status was also investigated, The volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) scores were significantly correlated with Plaque Index, Bleeding Index, pocket depth, and tongue coating score, The organoleptic ratings were significantly associated with Plaque Index, Bleeding Index. and tongue coating score, The VSC scores and organoleptic ratings correlated strongly with each other. Full mouth disinfection resulted in a significant reduction in the VSC scores. organoleptic ratings, and self-perception of malodor up to 12 weeks, This study indicates that in patients with chronic periodontitis. a full mouth disinfection including tongue scraping has a significant effect in the treatment of oral malodor.