• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 1994

This study was designed to seek information on the heat charging and discharging characteristics of a multi-capsule type LTES(Latent Heat of Fusion Thermal Energy Storage) system, and especially prediction equation of outlet water temperature from the system. During heat charging process, the water temperature in the LTES tank increased very slowly in comparison with a predicted one and was kept near the melting point of the PCM for about 25 minutes. During heat discharging process, the latent heat discharging period of the outlet water temperature became longer as the inlet water temperature became higher and/or mass flow rate became lower. The dimensionless temperature of the outlet water was predicted by linking three equations of ${\theta}=1.1Exp(-{\tau}/0.82)$, ${\theta}=-0.06{\tau}+0.3$, ${\theta}=0.8Exp(-{\tau}/1.4)$ ($r^2{\leq}0.88$) depending on discharging period regardless of mass flow rates on the case of the inlet water temperature at $21.5^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.419-426
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• 1999

It is essential for port planning, coastal zone management and environmental impact study to analyze the variation of current and water quality due to the development of water area and discharged water from estuary barrage and basin etc. Mokpo sea area downstreams from a long river and two large basins, the Yongsan river and Yongam-Kumho basins discharging much of water through water gates for the purpose of flood control and prohibition of salt intrusion to the inland fresh water area. In this study, the numerical calculations were carried out for the analysis of diffusion characteristics due to discharging operation, adapting the results of tidal current simulation ADI methord is applied to the governing equation for the movement of sea water and diffusion and 6-point method to the advection terms of diffusion equation. As the results of this study, it is known that the discharging operation causes increasing and/or decreasing of current velocity and enlarging and/or depressing of pollutant diffusion limits depending on the distance from the discharging gates and the mode of discharging operation. To utilize these result, the linked gate operation and the method increasing exchange of sea water must be considered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.253-261
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• 1999

It is essential for port planning, coastal zone management and environmental impact study to analyze the variation of current and water quality due to the development of water area and discharged water from the estuary barrage and basin, etc. Mokpo sea area has downstream from a long river and two large basins, the Yongsan river and Yongam-Kumho basins, discharging much of water through water gates for the purpose of flood and prohibition of salt intrusion to the inland fresh water area. In this study, the numerical calculation were carried out for the analysis of diffusion characteristics due to discharging operation, adopting the results of tidal current simulation. ADI method is applied to the governing equation for the movement of sea water and diffusion and 6-point method to the advection terms of diffusion equation. As the results of this study, it is known that the discharging operation causes increasing and/or decreasing of current velocity and enlarging and/or depressing of pollutant diffusion limits depending on the distance from the discharging gates and the modes of discharging operation. To utilize these result, the linked gate operation and the method increasing exchange of sea water must be considered.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.10
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• pp.2005-2010
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• 2009

Water droplet ejection characteristics of a point-to-plate airgap, with a wet porous point as a corona electrode, has been investigated. And the water droplet traces, charge, mass and number were measured experimentally. More particles are observed with wet porous point than metal point because the corona-discharging wet porous point can eject a number of water droplets. The water droplets ejected from the positive-corona-discharging wet porous point showed very fine traces as compared with those from the negative-corona-discharging wet porous point. Moreover, the water droplets ejected from the AC-corona-discharging wet porous point showed granular-like larger traces. It was shown that the weak corona discharge can eject smaller water droplets with larger ratio of mass-to-charge than the intense corona discharge.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.6
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• pp.113-123
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• 1998

The present study is to investigate the effect of experimental parameters on the heat transfer characteristics of a spherical capsule storage system using paraffins. N-Tetradecane and mixture of n-Tetradecane 40% and n-Hexadecane 60% were used as paraffins. Water with inorganic material was also tested for the comparison. The experimental parameters were varied for the Reynolds number from 8 to 16 and for the inlet temperature from -7 to 2$^{\circ}C$. Measured local temperatures of spherical capsules in the storage tank were utilized to calculate charging and discharging times, dimensionless thermal storage amount, and the average heat transfer coefficients in the tank. Local charging and discharging times in the storage tank were significantly different. The effect of inlet temperature on charging time was larger than that on discharging time, but the effect of Reynolds number on charging time was smaller than that on discharging time. Charging time of paraffins was faster by 11~72% than that of water with inorganic material, but little difference of discharging time was found among them. The effect of Reynolds number on the dimensionless thermal storage was less during charging process and more during discharging process than the effect of inlet temperature. The effect of the inlet temperature and the Reynolds number on the average heat transfer coefficient of the storage tank was stronger during discharging process than during charging process. The average heat transfer coefficients of the spherical capsule system using paraffins were larger by 40% than those using water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.529-536
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• 2004

Innovated technique to inactivate microorganisms has been developed. This technique uses plasma discharge in 2-phase (Air-Water). Dielectric Barrier (two phase) Discharging system is able to produce new oxidants for microorganisms. Products from discharging are $HNO_2$, $NO_2{^-}$, $HNO_3$, $NO_3{^-}$ and ozone but many other radicals can be generated as well. DBD water has low concentration of ozone (about 0.5mg/L), $NO_2{^-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ (about 10mg-N/L, 20mg-N/L respectively) and lots of $H^+$. These products play an important role in oxidation. Oxidation power by KI titration methods is approximately equivalent to $50mg-O_3/L$. Surprisingly stored DBD water could oxidize KI and maintain stable pH (about pH3) even after several days. Stored DBD water for 5 days has also more than 4log disinfection power to E. coli. However, DBD water cannot be used for drinking water directly due to it's toxicity. Additional process to neutralize pH and decrease toxicity must be applied.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2020

The process of discharging batteries using salt water, when used for the disposal of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, is likely to cause a fire. However, there is a dearth of studies in the literature on the risk of fire while discharging mobile phone batteries in salt water. In order to investigate the possibility of fire by elucidating the discharge characteristics and the generation of heat, we conducted experiments by varying the concentration of the salt water, number of overlapping batteries, and type of the mobile phone batteries used as experimental specimen. The discharging voltage and the temperature of the batteries were measured, and the fire risk was predicted by analyzing the data. The results of the experiment showed that the higher the salt water concentration, the greater the discharge value of the mobile phone battery and the higher the exothermic temperature. Moreover, the exothermic temperatures of the overlapping batteries were higher than that of the single battery submerged in salt water. The highest exothermic temperature points of the battery occurred at the positive and negative poles.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.331-343
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• 2017

The important changes in water environment management in Korea can be summarized as the enactment of Act on the Integrated Control of Pollutant-Discharging Facilities. Therefore water quality impact assessment should be reexamined and be revised. This study examines the present water quality impact assessment items (permissible discharge limits, standards for effluent water quality including Total Pollutant Load Management System) and considers the land use regulation for water quality conservation and NVZs(Nitrate Vulnerable Zones of EU and England). It also considers lately adopted standards(maximum discharge standards, permissible discharge standards, and marginal discharge standards etc) based on Act on the Integrated Control of Pollutant-Discharging Facilities and then compares Korean BAT and its counterpart control technology of U.S.A. And it also compares the items of water quality impact assessment with those of Integrated Control of Pollutant-Discharging Facilities, based on EIS reporting items. This study suggests five improvement measures for water quality impact assessment. First reflection of discharge impact analysis on impact prediction and assessment, second reflection of permissible discharge standards on agreed standards in the EIA procedure, third, reflection of diversified BAT on mitigation measures in the EIA procedure, forth introduction of land use regulation such as NVZs, finally strengthening linkage between water quality items and land use items etc.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2002

If the safety depressurization system of APR-1400, the Korean next generation reactor, is in operation, water, air and steam are successively discharging into a in-containment refueling water storage tank through spargers. Among the phenomena occurring during the discharging processes, the air bubble clouds produce a low-frequency and high-amplitude oscillatory loading, which may result in the most significant damages to the submerged structures if the oscillation frequency is the same or close to the natural frequency of the structures. The involved phenomena are so complicated that most of the prediction of frequency and pressure loads has been resorted to experimental work and computational approach has been precluded. This study deals with a numerical simulation on the behavior of air bubble clouds discharging into a water pool through a sparger, by using a commercial thermal hydraulic analysis code, FLUENT, version 4.5. Among the multiphase flow models, the VOF (Volume Of Fluid) model was selected to simulate the water, air and steam flows. A satisfactory result was obtained comparing the analysis results with the ABB-Atom test results which had been performed for the development of sparser.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.354-363
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• 1997

The purpose of the present work is to show the best thermal storage material and the sensitivity of the parameters on the thermal performance by experimentally investigating the effects of the parameters on the thermal performance of the spherical capsule system using paraffins superior to the commercial one. The paraffins were n-Tetradecane and the mixture of n-Tetradecane 40% and n-Hexadecane 60%. The experimental parameters were the Reynolds number of 8, 12, and 16 and the inlet temperature of-7, -4, -1, and $2^{\circ}C$. The charging and the discharing time, the dimensionless thermal storage amount, and the averge heat transfer coefficient in the tank were obtained by utilizing the local temperature variation in the tank. The local charging and discharging time in the tank was axially and radially different a lot. The effects of the inlet temperature on the charging and the discharging time were larger during the charging process than during the discharging process, but the effects of the Reynolds number on the charging and the discharging time were in reverse order. The paraffins were better by 11~72% than the water with the inorganic material in the charging time aspect, but no difference in the discharging time aspect. The effects of the Reynolds number on the dimensionless thermal storage amount were smaller than the effects of the inlet temperature during the charging process, but in reverse order during the discharging process within the working range of the experimental parameters. The effects of the inlet temperature and the Reynolds number on the average heat transfer coefficient were larger during the discharging process than during the charging process. The average heat transfer coefficient for the paraffins was larger by 40% maximum than that for the commercial material during the charing and the discharging process.