• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1995년도 추계학술발표회논문집(1)
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• pp.35-40
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• 1995

Considering the higher discharge burnup, lower channel refuelling rate, lower linear element rating(LER), lower coolant void reactivity and axial power shape, CANFLEX-RU fuel bundle is optimized for CANDU-6 by grading the fissile composition in the ring-wise of the bundle and by applying fuel management scheme appropriately. The fissile composition of the fuel bundle is graded as the recovered uranium (0.9 w/o U-235) in the outer and intermediate elements, depleted Uranium (0.2 w/o U-235) in the center element, natural uranium (0.71 w/o U-235) in the inner elements. Enrichment is not required for these fuel. The fissile composition is optimized by lattice calculation and by time-averaged reactor simulation. CANFLEX-RU optimized for CANDU-6 resulted to be the 15% lower channel refuelling rate, acceptable axial power profile and power envelope, 70% higher discharge burnup, 15% lower LER and not increase coolant void reactivity compared with the 37-element natural uranium bundle for CANDU-6.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권7호
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• pp.2095-2103
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• 2021

A small power ADS design using thorium oxide and diluent matrix reprocessed fuel is proposed for a high transmutation rate, small reactivity swing, and strong safety features. Two fuel matrices (CERCER and CERMET) and different recycled fuel compositions recovered from UO₂ spent fuels with 45 GWd/tU and 60 GWd/tU burnup were investigated to determine the suitable fuel for the ADS. It was found that the transmutation of each isotope depends on TRU initial loading amount. After examining the cores, the results show that CERCER fueled ADS has a negative coolant void reactivity (CVR) and a smaller radiotoxicity at discharge compared to that of CERMET core. It implies that CERCER fuel has enhanced safety features and more flavor in terms of radiotoxicity management. To increase fuel utilization and core operation efficiency, a simple assembly shuffling pattern for the CERCER fueled ADS is also proposed. Eigenvalue and burnup calculations were conducted using Serpent 2 with ENDF/B-VII.0 library in both kcode and external source modes, and it indicates that the results of transmutation analyses obtained by kcode only is reliable to discuss the transmutation potential of ADS. Burnup calculation with the fixed-source mode is essential to be used for more practical results of the transmutation by ADS.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2006

제2차 전력수급기본계획에 의거 2017년까지 계획된 원자로만을 대상으로 심지층 처분시스템 설계 시 필요한 국내 사용후핵연료의 발생량, 제원적 특징, 초기농축도 및 방출연소도 등에 대하여 현재 및 미래 현황을 파악하고 예측하였다. 2057년까지 PWR 및 CANDU 사용후핵연료 발생량은 각각 20,500 및 14,800 MTU로 나타났다. 초기 농축도에 대해서는 4.5 wt.% 이하를 갖는 사용후핵연료가 96.5%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 사용후핵연료의 평균 방출연소도는 90년대 후반에는 36 GWD/MUT 전도, 2000년대 초반에는 40 GWD/MTU를 나타냈으며, 2000년대 중 후반부터는 45 GWD/MTU가 될 것으로 나타났다. 광범위한 분석 및 예측 결과, 총 처분물량을 대표할 수 있는 가상적인 기준 사용후핵 연료는 16 6 한국표준형연료, 단면적 $21.4cm\times21.4cm$, 길이 453cm, 무게 672 kg, 초기 농축도 4.5 wt.%, 방출연소도 55 GWD/MTU로 나타났다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.405-412
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• 2011

Used nuclear fuel will likely be stored dry for extended periods of time in the USA. Until a final disposition pathway is chosen, the storage periods will almost definitely be longer than were originally intended. The ability of the important-tosafety structures, systems, and components (SSCs) to continue to meet storage and transport safety functions over extended times must be determined. It must be assured that there is no significant degradation of the fuel or dry cask storage systems. Also, it is projected that the maximum discharge burnups of the used nuclear fuel will increase. Thus, it is necessary to obtain data on high burnup fuel to demonstrate that the used nuclear fuel remains intact after extended storage. An evaluation was performed to determine the conditions that may lead to failure of dry storage SSCs. This paper documents the initial technical gap analysis performed to identify data and modeling needs to develop the desired technical bases to ensure the safety functions of dry stored fuel.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.907-915
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• 2024

Various core designs with multi-batch fuel management (FM) are proposed and optimized for an innovative small modular reactor (iSMR), focusing on enhancing the inherent safety and neutronic performance. To achieve soluble-boron-free (SBF) operation, cylindrical centrally-shielded burnable absorbers (CSBAs) are utilized, reducing the burnup reactivity swing in both two- and three-batch FMs. All 69 fuel assemblies (FAs) are loaded with 2-cylindrical CSBA. Furthermore, the neutron economy is improved by deploying a truly-optimized PWR (TOP) lattice with a smaller fuel radius, optimized for neutron moderation under the SBF condition. The fuel shuffling and CSBA loading patterns are proposed for both 2- and 3-batch FM with the aim to lower the core leakage and achieve favorable power profiles. Numerical results show that both FM configurations achieve a small reactivity swing of about 1000 pcm and the power distributions are within the design criteria. The average discharge burnup in the two-batch core is comparable to three-batch commercial PWR like APR-1400. The proposed checker-board CR pattern with extended fingers effectively assures cold shutdown in the two-batch FM scenario, while in the three-batch FM, three N-1 scenarios are failed. The whole evaluation process is conducted using Monte Carlo Serpent 2 code in conjunction with ENDF/B-VII.1 nuclear library.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2019

제8차 전력수급기본계획에 근거하여 현재 운영중이거나 계획중인 원자력발전소에서 발생할 사용후핵연료의 양과 특성을 추정하였다. 본 연구에서 고려된 특성은 핵연료집합체에 대한 제원, 핵연료봉 배열, $^{235}U$ 초기 농축도, 방출연소도, 냉각기간이다. 이들은 사용후핵연료 처분시스템을 설계하는데 필수적인 항목이다. 2082년까지 가압경수로 사용후핵연료의 예상발생량은 약 62,500 다발로 추정되었다. 2018년 말까지 발생한 사용후핵연료 중 상대적으로 길이가 짧은 웨스팅하우스형 원전연료가 약 60%, 상대적으로 길이가 50 cm 정도 긴 한국형 원전 연료가 약 40%를 차지하였다. $^{235}U$ 초기 농축도 4.5 wt% 이하를 갖는 사용후핵연료의 비율은 전체 발생량의 약 90%를 차지하였으며, 방출연소도는 98%의 물량이 55 GWd/tU 이하로 나타났다. 2077년을 기준으로 웨스팅하우스형 원전에서 발생한 사용후핵연료의 냉각기간은 50년 이상이 97% 정도를 차지하였으며, 본 논문에서 가정한 처분 완료시점인 2125년을 기준으로 한국형 원전에서 발생한 사용후핵연료의 냉각기간은 45년 이상이 98% 정도를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 효율적인 처분시스템 설계를 위해 기준 사용후 핵연료는 제원적 특성을 고려하여 두 가지 형태로 설정하였으며, 웨스팅하우스형 원전 연료의 경우, 집합체 제원으로 KSFA, 초기 농축도 4.5 wt%, 방출연소도 55 GWd/tU, 냉각기간 50년으로, 한국형 원전 연료의 경우, 집합체 제원으로 PLUS7, 초기 농축도 4.5 wt%, 방출연소도 55 GWd/tU, 냉각기간 45년으로 설정하였다.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1995년도 추계학술발표회논문집(1)
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• pp.41-47
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• 1995

A parametric study bas been performed for the various refueling schemes of CANDU 6 reactor loaded with reference DUPIC fuel. The optimum discharge burnup was determined such that the peak bundle power is minimized for the equilibrium core. Based on the results of instantaneous core calculation using patterned random age distributions, it was decided to perform the refueling simulations only for 2-bundle and 4-bundle shift refueling schemes. The 600 FPD simulation has shown that the operational margins of the channel and bundle power to the license limits are 7.9% and 17.1%, respectively, for 2-bundle shift refueling scheme. The 4-bundle shift refueling scheme also satisfies the license limits and the operational margins of the channel and bundle power are 7.1% and 9.8%, respectively. The result of refueling simulation indicate the possibility of using reference DUPIC fuel in current CANDU 6 reactor.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1996년도 춘계학술발표회논문집(3)
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• pp.423-428
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• 1996

The feasibility study on burning Am-241, 243 and Cm-244 nuclides in a conventional PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) was carried out by using the TRIFON code that was developed by the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics in Russia in 1992. TRIFON code uses updated ABBN Russian nuclear cross section library. The reference reactor is the Korea nuclear power plant unit 8 (YGN 2). The burning effect of Am-241, 243 and Cm-244 nuclides was studied with UO$_2$(3.5 w/o)fuel assembly and MOX (4.44 w/o) fuel assembly. The loaded mass ratio of Am-241, 243 and Cm-244 nuclides was obtained from the mass ratio of Am-241, 243 and Cm-244 nuclides in 10 year cooling spent fuel with average discharge burnup of 33 GWD/MTU. The effective transmutation rates of Am-241, 243 and Cm-244 nuclides in UO$_2$ fuel assembly were found to be higher than those in MOX fuel assembly. The result from TRIFON code was compared to that from CASMO-3/NEM-3D code system. For more reliable calculation of transmutation for MA(Minor Actinides) more sophisticated decay chain scheme of MA should be investigated and nuclear cross section library of MA should be considerably improved.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.3563-3579
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• 2021

Measured decay heat data of light water reactor (LWR) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) assemblies are adopted to train machine learning (ML) models. The measured data is available for fuel assemblies irradiated in commercial reactors operated in the United States and Sweden. The data comes from calorimetric measurements of discharged pressurized water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel assemblies. 91 and 171 measurements of PWR and BWR assembly decay heat data are used, respectively. Due to the small size of the measurement dataset, we propose: (i) to use the method of multiple runs (ii) to generate and use synthetic data, as large dataset which has similar statistical characteristics as the original dataset. Three ML models are developed based on Gaussian process (GP), support vector machines (SVM) and neural networks (NN), with four inputs including the fuel assembly averaged enrichment, assembly averaged burnup, initial heavy metal mass, and cooling time after discharge. The outcomes of this work are (i) development of ML models which predict LWR fuel assembly decay heat from the four inputs (ii) generation and application of synthetic data which improves the performance of the ML models (iii) uncertainty analysis of the ML models and their predictions.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2008

후행 핵연료주기 경제성 평가는 추정 비용의 불확실성, 평가 대상기간의 장기성, 적용 할인율에 따른 계산결과의 변동성 등 많은 불확실성을 내포하고 있기 때문에 평가기관 또는 평가자에 따라 그 결과가 서로 상이하다. 본고에서는 지금까지 수행 된 주요 경제성 평가 연구들을 조사/분석하여 그 특징과 한계를 알아봄으로써 현재 국내에서 추진되고 있는 사용후핵연료 공론화 및 후행 핵연료주기 정책 연구 추진에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있도록 하고자 하였다. 분석 결과 사용후핵연료 재활용 옵션에 비해 직접처분 옵션이 유리하나, 입력 자료로 사용된 파라미터 값에 따라 결과의 불확실성이 많이 나타나 이 부분에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.