• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.445-462
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to provide some basic data for the direction of nursing education and practice to prevent nursing malpractice as investgating perception of the nurse on the nursing malpractice and its case. Data were collected from 450 nurse working in four general hospitals which were located in Chonbuk province from November 9 to 21, 1998 through questionnare. The structured instruments developed by the reseacher were used for collecting data. The Results were as follows: 1) As for the cognition of the nursing malpractice case, the transfusion accident was 37.3%, the side-effects of KCL injection(19.3%), hymen rupture by uterus cancer test, the side-effects of aminophyllin injections on dyspnea patient and the others were 10% below. 2) With regard to the channel of the perception of the nursing malpractice case, mass-communication was taken first and followed through by neighbors, In-service education, school education, continuing education 3) As for the direct${\cdot}$indirect experience of the nursing malpractice case, transfusion accident was 51.3%, the fall of NPO patient after an operation 40.1%, the side-effect of KCL injection 32.5%, suicide of the psychiatric patient 32.5%, and the others were 30% below. 4) The possibility of nursing malpractice case was an average 2.57(${\pm}$0.91) and the highest was the fall of the NPO patient after an operation. 5) The perception on the responsibility of the nursing malpractice in its case was indicated as a joint-fault in ten nursing malpractice instances. As compared to the real decision, nurse's perception of the responsibility in the fall of the NPO patient after an operation, the side-effect of KCL injection, the tracheal edema of the patient who had a thyroid operation, the suicide of psychiatric patient, the hymen rupture by uterus cancer test accorded real decisions. But the other cases were different from the real decisions. These cases were perceived as ones of joint fault even in cases determined as Dr's single fault cases or those in which both doctor and nurse were declared free of fault. 6) Knowledge levels of the nursing malpractice, school education and In-service education were perceived as low but anxiety levels of the malpractice were high. 7) With regard to the countmeasure of the hospital after nursing malpractice, the rate answered as "the practice settled the accident temporarily and forced the person in charge to be punished" was highest. In conclusion, the level of the cognition of the clinical nurse on nursing malpractice cases was low. As nurses' perception on the responsibility of the nursing malpractice case was compared to the real decision, there was a difference in five cases out of the ten cases.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.248-260
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• 2009

With regard to oversea mineral resources development, recent trend has been changed from a simple capital investment to a direct development of the resources. In relation to the stability of a slope in large open-pit coal mine, groundwater system was investigated and the validity of horizontal drainage hole was evaluated in Pasir coal mine, Indonesia. In this work, various field tests were carried out for a characterization of groundwater system, which included in-situ permeability measurement, tracer test and monitoring of groundwater levels. Especially, the influence of SM river on the characteristics of the groundwater flow system was mainly inspected. For the permeability measurement, Guelph permeameter was employed, and was found that sandstone was more permeable than mudstone and coal seam. From a comparison of lithological structure and the results of groundwater level monitoring, sandstone and thin coal seam with fractures were found to be a main channel for groundwater flow. In the results of tracer tests, the effect of SM river on the groundwater system depends on the geological structure of its base. To identify the effect of horizontal drainage holes, 2-D groundwater modeling was performed. Four different cases were tested, which are different from the length of drainage hole and the existence of pond on top of the slope. To enhance the drainage effect and slope stability, the drainage hole should be drilled to the depth of coal seam layer, which provides a main pathway of groundwater flow and embedded by sandstone. For this purpose, correct identification of surrounding geology should be preceded.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.689-692
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• 2005

2020년까지 전 세계 수송에너지의 수요가 현재의 2배까지 증가할 것으로 예상되면서 석유 자원의 안정적 공급이 어려워지기 이전에 이를 대체할 수 있는 에너지원 개발이 시급하다. 이러한 노력의 일환으로 최근 들어 대두되고 있는 가스화용융 기술은 석탄 폐기물 등으로부터 합성가스를 생산하는 고청정 고효율 기술이다. 여기에서 생산되는 합성가스는 천연가스를 대체하여 전기 및 화학원료를 생산하기 위한 원료로 이용 가능하다. 폐기물로부터 가스화용융기술을 통하여 생산되는 합성가스로부터 DME(dimethyl ether)를 생산할 수 있다. 가스화용융기술로부터 생산되는 합성가스는 자체의 일산화탄소와 수소의 조성비가 DME를 합성하는데 적당하다고 알려져 있다. DME는 에너지원의 다원화와 대기오염 물질의 저감, 지구온난화 대응 등과 아울러 제 4세대 수송 연료로 부각되고 있다. DME를 합성하는 방법은 합성가스로부터 메탄올의 합성 단계를 거친 후 DME를 합성하는 간접법과 단일단계의 반응에서 합성가스로부터 직접적으로 DME를 합성하는 직접법이 있다. 현재는 화학 평형적 측면 경제적 측면에서 이점을 가지고 있는 직접법에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. DME 직접합성법에서는 메탄올 합성 촉매와 메탄올 탈수촉매의 물리적 혼합에 의한 혼성촉매가 주로 이용되고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다 본 연구에서는 일산화탄소와 수소로 이루어진 합성 가스로부터 직접 DME를 생산할 수 있는 직접 합성 공정에 적용 가능한 고효율 촉매 기술을 개발하기 위해 상용촉매의 스크린 테스트를 수행하였다. 상용촉매로는 sud-chemi사에서 메탄을 합성 촉매와 탈수촉매를 각각 구입하였으며, 이들 촉매를 원하는 조성비로 물리적으로 혼합한 다음 반응온도 ($250-290^{\circ}C$) 압력 (30-50 atm), $H_2$/CO 몰비 (0.5-2.0) 등의 다양한 반응조건 하에서 스크린 테스트를 수행하였다.대장조영영상을 얻을 수 있어 대장암의 위치에 관한 정보를 삼차원적으로 제공하므로 대장암의 성상을 정확히 알 수 있는데 도움을 주었다.요인은 없는 것으로 사료된다. 이 중 2예의 CT에서 선상 혹은망상형의 음영을 보였다. 결론: 유방암 환자의 방사선 치료 후 CT 소견은 방사선 치료의 방법에 따라 폐첨부 혹은 폐의전면 흉막하 부위에 선상 혹은 망상형의 음영으로서 방사선 폐렴 혹은 섬유화 소견이다. CT는 단순 흉부 촬영보다 이상 소견의 발견이 쉽다.이러한 소견은 후에 합병될 수 있는 다른 폐질환의 감별 진단에 도움이 될 것으로 보인다.moembolization via the radial artery approach were involved in this study. All underwent Allen’s test to check ulnar arterial patency. In all cases, we used the radial approach hepatic artery (RHA) catheter designed by ourselves, evaluating t\ulcorner selec\ulcorneron ability of the hepatic artery using an RHA cathter, the number of punctures, the procedure time, and compression time at the puncture site as well as complications occurring during and after the procedure. Results: Except for three in which puncture failure, brachial artery variation or hepatic artery variation occurred, all procedures were successful. The mean number of punctures was 3.5, and the

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.19-36
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• 2011

We investigated middle school students' awareness of Han-style(Korean cuture) in order to promote it, and developed and applied the Teaching-Learning Lesson Plan according to the traditional clothing culture contents related to Han Style. We selected 5 major fields representing Han Style including Han-gul(Korean alphabet). Han-sik(Korean food). Han-bok(Korean traditional clothes). Han-ji(Korean traditional paper), and Han-ok(Korean traditional house). We analyzed the contents of the food, clothing and shelter in 6 types of high school testbooks under the revised 7th national curriculum, and chose seven traditional clothing-lifestyle culture contents. Also we developed 14-period processes and materials(9 for teachers. 9 for students and 3 for and applied it to usual classes. The mean score of middle school students' awareness of Han Style in the post-test was significantly higher than that in the pre-test. Students evaluated it positively that the classes could raise the pride on the Han-culture and provoke the interest in it through the direct experiencing activities. We suggest that the various themes on Han-style should be developed, and the theoretical classes on the identity as well as the experiencing activities on it.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1978

Piscicidal substance produced by Streptomyces sp. isolated from soil was toxic against various kinds of fish. After extraction with CH$Cl_3$ from the culture medium, the substance was purified by avicel column chromatography. In order to test toxicity, various kinds of fish were subjected to the acqueous solution of 100 us of the substance per liter of water. Generally, the substance was toxic to most fish, but Macropodus chinenes and Misgurnus mizolepis are resistant to the substance than Gobius similis and Pseudorasbora parva. The substance was stable at pH range, 3.0 to 7.0, but labile at alkaline pH, and to heat as well. Succinic dehydrogenase on most of tissue cell of Cyprinus carpio was inhibited by this substance strongly, but spinal cord was not inhibited. By addition of Cu and Pb salts to the culture medium, piscicidal substance producibility was activated.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.12
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• pp.99-119
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• 2003

A model is proposed for the role of emotional intensity of a web site, and the moderating influence of product involvement, in the Integrative Framework of persuasion (Meyers-Levy and Malvaiya 1999). The model also appropriately operationalizes the constructs emotional intensity of a web site and product involvement The three routes to persuasion, Central, Peripheral, and Experiential correspond to high, moderate, and low involvement (Meyers-Levy and Malaviya 1999). The involvement construct is measured from message recipients using the Personal Product Inventory (Pill, which was developed to capture the concept of product involvement (Zaichkowsky 1985). The conceptualization of the Personal Product Inventory is a contextrree measure that also has robust psychometric properties when applied to advertisements (Zaichkowsky 1994). The propositions highlight the expected importance of emotional intensity of a web site. The moderating influence of product involvement is also proposed. Specifically, what this work proposes is that the emotional intensity of a product site has a larger impact on attitude change under low product involvement, as opposed to moderate product involvement. Support for this reasoning can be found in the persuasion literature (Petty et al 1986). The Petty et al (1986) frame work is a dual process descriptive and predictive frame work in the area of altitude formation and change. Recently, Myers Levy and Malaviya (1999) have proposed a tri-process framework. This is in tum based on the dual process model of Petty et al. (1986). The study outlined in this paper aims to deepen the Meyers Levy and Malaviya (1999) and frame work. The propositions outlined in the model are empirically tested using a repeated measures experimental design. The emotional intensity is measured using a scale that is based on experts judgments. Using a paired comparison t-test two sites are determined to be of high and low emotional intensity. The model is tested using a repeated measures experimental design. The first independent variable Emotional Intensity of the site is manipulated. The Second independent variable, Personal Product Inventory is measured. While, the dependent variable, product altitude change will also be measured. Utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) the data is analyzed using SPSS. The results suggest that besides the rational content of messages their emotional content can also influence attitude change. Specifically, it is proposed that the manipulation of emotional intensity of a product Web site has a greater impact on product altitudes under high and low product involvement conditions, rather than moderate product involvement. However, the results for product involvement as a continuous variable has a p value of 0.09. Further, the results for three levels of product involvement were far from significant. For two levels of product involvement also, the results were insignificant, the p value approached 0.20. This evidence indicates that it is premature to conclude that there are three routes to persuasion. A caveat, however, must be added, in that the manipulations may not have been strong enough to test the proposed hypotheses. Further, undoubtedly, there is unequivocal evidence the emotional intensity of a product Web site, as measured here, has a direct impact on product attitudes.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.345-357
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to find out how the Father Class, which is being practiced at a hospital located in Seoul, influences on fathers' level of knowledge and confidence of postpartal mother and newborn care. Research design was quasi-experimental study using non equivalent experiment and control group. The data, questionaires, were collected from Sep. 13, 2001 to Oct. 31, 2001 through e-mail, telephone and mail, after discharge from S hospital located in Seoul, where the experimental group was educated at the Father Class and control group didn't take part in the class. The objects were the fathers who have the first baby through normal delivery or C-sec delivery including experimental group 48 persons and control group 52 persons. Four instruments were the revised ones of Lee Mi Kyoung's(1990) and Kwak Yon Hee's tool based on the resources of direct interviews of fathers and one expert, professor. The reliability of four instruments were Cronbach's $\alpha$ scores .85 -93. Data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 program using $x^2$-test, and t-test and, One- way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation, etc. The results of this study are as follows; 1.The two groups were confirmed as a homogeneous group by showing no significant difference statistically at the level of 5%. 2.The results of proving the hypothesis are followings: 1)The first hypothesis, "the fathers who participated in the Father Class will have the higher level of knowledge about postpartal mother care than the fathers who didn't" was accepted by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 2)The second hypothesis, "the fathers who took part in the class will have the higher confidence in postpartal mother care than the fathers who didn't", was supported by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 3) The third hypothesis, "the fathers who attended the class will have the better knowledge about taking care of newborn than the others", was accepted by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 4)The fourth hypothesis, "the fathers who participated in the class will have the higher confidence in newborn care than others," was supported by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 3.The further analysis showed whether they participated in Prenatal Birth Preparing Class influenced on the father's level of knowledge and confidence in postpartal mother and newborn care. In conclusion, the Father Class is the effective nursing intervention strategy that can help new fathers attain father and husband roles by enhancing the level of confidence in and knowledge of the postpartal mother and newborn care.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.743-776
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• 2012

This study utilizes the meta-analysis for the benefits transfer (MA-BT) approach to measure social costs the 7 target sites in the City and County of Honolulu. The estimated MA models (MA-1 and MA-1) were evaluated in terms of validity and reliability criteria. This study utilized a parametric t-test and a non-parametric sign rank test for checking validity. A transfer error measured by an absolute percentage difference was utilized to check reliability their similarity. The GIS was utilized for data collection in order to measure social costs for each target site. The results clearly demonstrated that social costs were substantially higher thant direct costs and varied market conditions and different methods used. In terms of validity and reliability criteria, MA models were preferred to the mean transfer value approach. MA-BT approach is desirable for measuring social costs for a project designed to measure social costs for these 7 proposed landfill sites with inaccessible data, on short time frames, and with little money. If researchers and planners have enough time and money, they can implement primary research. If not, the meta-analysis for the benefits transfer approach can be much better than no framework. The use of a GIS can help to identify secondary data within a specific radius of each target site.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.65-80
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• 2008

Objectives: To identify the relationship between the internet addition of elementary school students, and their health behavior and VDT syndrome, and thereby to detect the impact of internet addiction on the health behavior of elementary school students, to get the basic information necessary to develop a prevention program for internet addiction and to plan for VDT syndrome prevention program. Methods: We conducted this study during the period from jun 27, 2007 through July 8, 2007. The subjects of this study were 416 children whose grades were in 4th through 6th grades of elementary schools located in the city A in Kyung Pook Providence. Data were obtained from self-rating questionnaires. The questionnaires were composed of Korean Internet Addiction Self-examination on Internet Use Patterns (K-scale), Health Behavior Profile, VDT Syndrome, and general characteristics. We used t-test, AVOVA with Ducan method for Post-hoc comparison in means comparison between groups, $X^2$-test for frequency analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient. We used SPSS/PC(12.0 ver) program and the LISREL 8.53 Win program for covariance structural analysis. Results: Major results were as follows. 1. The internet addiction propensity distribution based on the distribution of scores were investigated according to the self diagnosis scale on internet addiction. 6.5% of them were high risk user group, 14.4% were potential risk users and 79.1% of them were common user groups. 2. Internet addictions by sex, internet use duration, frequency (days/week), time(hours/day), purpose, position, brightness of internet, attitude of parents and frequency of conversation of family members were statistically significant(p<0.01). 3. There was a statistically significant difference in VDT syndrome according to internet addiction groups(p<0.001) besides ocular symptoms, dry mouth and GI troubles. 4. The health behavior score was the lowest in high risk user group(p<0.001). There were significant differences between internet addiction groups in personal hygiene and habits of daily living(p<.002), the prevention of accidents(p<.002), the practice concerned with the prevention of infectious disease(p=.002), and mental health(p<.001). 5. There was also a significant negative correlation between internal addiction and health profile(r=-0.365, p<0.01) and a significant positive correlation between internal addiction and VDT syndrome(r=0.331, p<0.01). 6. As the result of structural model analysis, internet use time(/day), days of internet use(/1week), conversation frequency among family members, degree of brightness of internet use had significant direct effects on internet addiction. Conclusions: The results will help the development of an effective intervention program for the prevention and treatment of internal addiction by clarifying the effect of the internal addiction upon elementary school students' VDT syndrome and health behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.151-160
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• 2003

The stability of the designed rock slope is analysed based on two kinds of shear strength model. Besides the deterministic analysis, a probabilistic approach on Monte Carlo simulation is proposed to deal with the uncertain characteristics of the discontinuity and the results obtained from two models are compared to each other. To carry out the research of characteristics of the discontinuity, BIPS, DOM Scanline survey data and direct shear test data are used, and chi-square test is used for determining the probability distribution function. The rock slope is evaluated to be stable in the deterministic analysis, but in the probabilistic analysis, the probability of failure is more than 5%, so, it is considered that the rock slope is unstable. In the shear strength models, the probability of the failure based on the Mohr-Coulomb model(linear model) is higher than that of the Barton model. It is supported by the fact that the Mohr-Coulomb model is more sensitive to block size than the Barton model. In fact, there is no reliable way to estimate the unit cohesion of the Mohr-Coulomb model except f3r back analysis and in the case of small block failure in the slope, Mohr-Coulomb model may excessively evaluate the factor of the safety. So, the Barton model of which parameters are easily acquired using the geological survey is more reasonable for the stability of the studied slope. Also, the selection of the proper shear strength model is an important factor for slope failure analysis.