• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.879-886
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• 2000

Background : Thyroid Transcription Factor-1(TTF-1) acts as a tissue specific transcription factor in the regulation of lung specific gene expression and as morphogenic protein during lung organogenesis. Currently, there is very little information on the cis-acting sequences and transcription factors that direct the TTF-1 gene expression. DNAse 1 hypersensitive (DH) sites represent a marker for active or potentially active chromatin and are likely to be especially important in gene regulation, being associated with many DNA sequences that regulate gene expression. It is clear that DH regions correlate with genetic regulatory loci and binding for sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Methods : We have used DH site assays to identify putative distal regulatory elements in H441 lung adenocarcinoma cells, which express the TTF-1 gene and HeLa cells. Results : There are four DH sites 5' of the TTF-1 gene. These sites are located at base pair approximately +150, -450, -800, and -1500 from the start of transcription. Conclusion : These data suggest that there may be at least one intragenic site and regulatory region 5' prime to the promotor region.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.163-164
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• 2018

CONSTANS (CO) induces the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in the photoperiodic pathway, and thereby regulates the seasonal timing of flowering. CO expression is induced and CO protein is stabilized by FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX PROTEIN 1 (FKF1) in the late afternoon, while CO is degraded by CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) during the night. These regulatory cascades were thought to act independently. In our study, we investigated the relationship between FKF1 and COP1 in the regulation of CO stability in response to ambient light conditions. A genetic analysis revealed that FKF1 acts as a direct upstream negative regulator of COP1, in which cop1 mutation is epistatic to fkf1 mutation in the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. COP1 activity requires the formation of a hetero-tetramer with SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA1), [$(COP1)_2(SPA1)_2$]. Light-activated FKF1 has an increased binding capacity for COP1, forming a FKF1-COP1 hetero-dimer, and inhibiting COP1 homo-dimerization at its coiled-coil (CC) domain. Mutations in the CC domain result in poor COP1 dimerization and misregulation of photoperiodic floral induction. We propose that FKF1 represses COP1 activity by inhibiting COP1 dimerization in the late afternoon under long-day conditions, resulting in early flowering.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2007

In budding yeast, septin plays as a scaffold to recruits protein components and regulates crucial cellular events including bud site selection, bud morphogenesis, Cdc28 activation pathway, and cytokinesis. Phosphorylation of Bni5 isolated as a suppressor for septin defect is essential to Swe1-dependent regulation of bud morphogenesis and mitotic entry. The mechanism by which Bni5 regulates normal septin function is not completely understood. Here, we provide evidence that Bni5 phosphorylation is important for interaction with septin component Cdc11 and for timely delocalization from septin filament at late mitosis. Phosphorylation-deficient bni5-4A was synthetically lethal with $hof1{\Delta}$. bni5-4A cells had defective structure of septin ring and connected cell morphology, indicative of defects in cytokinesis. Two-hybrid analysis revealed that bni5-4A has a defect in direct interaction with Cdc11 and Cdc12. GFP-tagged bni5-4A was normally localized at mother-bud neck of budded cells before middle of mitosis. In contrast, at large-budded telophase cells, bni5-4A-GFP was defective in localization and disappeared from the neck approximately 2 min earlier than that of wild type, as evidenced by time-lapse analysis. Therefore, earlier delocalization of bni5-4A from septin filament is consistent with phosphorylation-dependent interaction with the septin component. These results suggest that timely de localization of Bni5 by phosphorylation is important for septin function and regulation of cytokinesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1117-1124
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• 2005

The radio field environment is very different according to frequency band, therefore communication condition is equation that VHF is passed by direct radiation and HF is via reflect radiation in ionosphere. Load a ship according to the enforcement regulations of the ships safety act have specificated the radio equipment that should be operating. This paper have analysed by the simulation program about radio field environment for research the communications condition, which is VHF & HF band in domestic coastal. We have Predicted to radio field environment and communications condition using the data of analysis and domestic radio regulation regard to coast navigational ship. Therefore have proposed the necessity for rationally plan on improvement the radio regulation and network cooperation of VHF radio station.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2011

Adipocyte differentiation is an ordered multistep process requiring the sequential activation of several groups of adipogenic transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-$\alpha$ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$, and coactivators. In previous reports, we identified that replication factor C 140 (RFC140) protein played a critical role in regulating adipocyte differentiation as a coactivator. Here, we show expressional regulation of RFC140 and small RFC subunit, RFC38, following characterization of gene promoter of RFC140 and RFC38. In addition, RFC140 increases PPAR$\gamma$-mediated gene activation, resulting from direct protein-protein interaction of RFC140 and PPAR$\gamma$. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the regulated expression of RFC140 and RFC38 by specific adipocyte transcription factors is required for the adipocyte differentiation process.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2018

Green roof in Korea has been recognized as part of landscape area and local governments enacted municipal ordinance for supporting green roof thereby assisting part of expenses spent for green roof within a range of budget for buildings which are eligible for the green roof support of existing buildings. However, it is necessary to enforce a regulation of mandatory green roof for new buildings in order to expand green roof application and provide a variety of assistances such as subsidy payment, tax relief, and mitigation of floor area ratio-related regulation as done in other advanced nations. In particular, LEED(Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design) in the USA applies additional point directly for green roof in terms of the reduction in heat island effects. For example, the following items are beneficial to have additional points: habitat preservation or restoration, external space, rainwater management, reduction in outdoor water usage, minimum energy performance, and optimum energy performance. In addition, the BREEAM(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) in the UK specifies green roof as one of assessment items to be complied in terms of diversity of species. As such, LEED and BREEAM reflect direct and indirect effects of green roof on assessment criteria, which suggest a direction to green building certification criteria in Korea where only additional points are given for green roof according to soil depth.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.45.1-45.7
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• 2022

Food security will be affected by climate change worldwide, particularly in the developing world, where the most important food products originate from plants. Plants are often exposed to environmental stresses that may affect their growth, development, yield, and food quality. Auxin is a hormone that plays a critical role in improving plants' tolerance of environmental conditions. Auxin controls the expression of many stress-responsive genes in plants by interacting with specific cis-regulatory elements called auxin-responsive elements (AuxREs). In this work, we performed an in silico prediction of AuxREs in promoters of five auxin-responsive genes in Zea mays. We applied a data fusion approach based on the combined use of Dempster-Shafer evidence theory and fuzzy sets. Auxin has a direct impact on cell membrane proteins. The short-term auxin response may be represented by the regulation of transmembrane gene expression. The detection of an AuxRE in the promoter of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) in Z. mays and the 3-fold overexpression of this gene under auxin treatment for 30 min indicated the role of POP in maize auxin response. POP is regulated by auxin to perform stress adaptation. In addition, the detection of two AuxRE TGTCTC motifs in the upstream sequence of the bx1 gene suggests that bx1 can be regulated by auxin. Auxin may also be involved in the regulation of dehydration-responsive element-binding and some members of the protein kinase superfamily.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

There are index adjustment method and item adjustment method in estimation methods for price fluctuation rate of public constructions. A relevant regulation has put item adjustment method as a principle, but in most construction, contract sum adjustment has been made by index adjustment method. Hence, this study, by figuring out width and causes of the gap between index adjustment method and item adjustment method through direct comparative analysis, solved inequality caused by difference between them and suggested a rational way against irrationality of each method. For building operations of public housing construction, a detailed fluctuation rate by index adjustment method and item adjustment method of construction cost elements of the same construction, that is, direct material cost, direct labor cost and historical construction cost was estimated to analyze difference between two adjustments and establish its cause. Across the analysis, it was found that fluctuation rate by item adjustment method was estimated lower than that by index adjustment method and difference between methods for estimating fluctuation rate of quotation unit price and application of index unrelated to construction type and construction nature are main causes of the difference. This study has a significance in that, for smooth contract sum adjustment between contracting parties, it practically proved the real difference between adjustment methods by conducting comparative analysis of the difference in direct correspondence way.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.167-174
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• 2017

Based on advances in biotechnology and neuroscience, neuromodulation is poised to gain clinical importance as a treatment modality for psychiatric disorders. In addition to old-established electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), clinicians are expected to understand newer forms of neurostimulation, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Given the growing interest in non-invasive neuromodulation technologies, clinicians may seek sufficient information about neuromodulation to inform their clinical practice. A growing literature suggests that applications of non-invasive neuromodulation have evidence particularly for indications where treatments are currently insufficient, such as drug-resistant depression. However, positive neuromodulation studies require replication, and the precise interactions among stimulation, antidepressant medication, and psychotherapy are unknown. Further studies of long-term safety and the impact on the developing brain are needed. Non-invasive neuromodulatory devices could enable more individualized treatment. However, do-it-yourself (DIY) stimulation kits require a better understanding of the effects of more frequent patterns of stimulation and raise concerns about clinical supervision, regulation, and reimbursement. Wide spread enthusiasm for therapeutic potential of neuromodulation in clinical practice settings should be mitigated by the fact that there are still research gaps and challenges associated with non-invasive neuromodulatory devices.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.106-112
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• 2012

Since air pollution problem by emissions from automotive vehicles has become social issues, lean-burn gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine is focused as an alternative to meet the requirement of reinforced emission regulation and improved fuel consumption. Spray-guided type DI combustion is promising technology, which characterized by the centrally mounted injector and closely positioned spark plug, since stable lean combustion can be realized even at ultra-lean mixture condition. In the present study, the effect of multi-ignition with developed charge coil on combustion and emission characteristics was investigated in optical accessible single cylinder engine. In order to fully understand the in-cylinder phenomena and the mechanisms of emission production, optical diagnostics, such as flame visualization was also carried out at frequently using operating condition. Multi-ignition is effective to improve fuel economy but increase NOx emission at flammability limit.