• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-35
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• 1983

Although it has been well known that ventricular fibrillation is the most important complication during hypothermia, much investigation has failed to show the exact nature of the etiology of ventricular fibrillation. Recently, there has been considerable research on the relationship between sympathetic activity and ventricular fibrillation under hypothermia. Cardiac muscle normally contains a certain amount of norepinephrine and the dramatic effect of this catecholamines on the cardiac muscle is well documented. It is, therefore, conceivable that cardiac catecholamines might exert an influence on the susceptibility of heart muscle to tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and arrhythmia, under hypothermia. Hypothermia itself is stress enough to increase tonus of sympatheticoadrenal system. The normal heart is supplied by an autonomic innervation and is subjected to action of circulating catecholamines which may be released from the heart. If the reaction of the heart associated with a variable amount of cardiac catecholamines is. permitted to occur in the induction of hypothermia, the action of this agent on the heart has not to be differentiated from the direct effects of cooling. The studies presented in this paper were designed to provide further information about the cardio-physiological effects of reduced body temperature, with special reference to the role of catecholamines in ventricular fibrillation. Healthy cats, weighing about 3 kg, were anesthetized with pentobarbital(30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The trachea was intubated and the endotracheal tube was connected to a C.F. Palmer type A.C. respirator. Hypothermia was induced by immersing the cat into a ice water tub and the rate of body temperature lowering was $1^{\circ}C$ per 5 to 8 min. Esophageal temperature and ECG (Lead II) were simultaneously monitored. In some cases the blood pH and serum sodium and potassium were estimated before the experiment. After the experiment the animals were killed and the hearts were excised. The catecholamines content of the cardiac muscle was measured by the method of Shore and Olin (1958). The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) In control animal the heart rate was slowed as the temperature fell and the average pulse rates of eight animals were read 94/min at $31^{\circ}C$, 70/min at $27^{\circ}C$ and 43/min at $23^{\circ}C$ if esophageal temperature. Ventricular fibrillation was occurred with no exception at a mean temperature of $20.3^{\circ}C(21-l9^{\circ}C)$. The electrocardiogram revealed abnormal P waves in each progressive cooling of the heart. there was, ultimately, a marked delay in the P-R interval, QRS complex and Q-T interval. Inversion of the T waves was characteristic of all animals. The catecholamines content of the heart muscle excised immediately after the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation was about thirty percent lower than that of the pre-hypothermic heart, that is, $1.0\;{\mu}g/g$ wet weight compared to the prehypothermic value of $1.41\;{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. The changes of blood pH, serum sodium and potassium concentration were not remarkable. 2) By the adrenergic receptor blocking agent, DCI(2-3 mg/kg), given intramuscularly thirty minutes before hypothermia, ventricular fibrillation did not occur in one of five animals when their body temperature was reduced even to $16^{\circ}C$. These animals succumbed at that low temperature, and the changes of heart rate and loss of myocardial catecholamines after hypothermia were similar to those of normal animals. The actual effect of DCI preventing the ventricular fibrillation is not predictable. 3) Administration of reserpine(1 mg/kg, i.m.) 24 hours Prior to hypothermia disclosed reduced incidence of ventricular fibrillation, that is, six of the nine animals went into fibrillation at an average temperature of $19.6^{\circ}C$. By reserpine myocardial catecholamines content dropped to $0.045\;{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 4) Bretylium pretreatment(20 mg/kg, i.m.), which blocks the release of catecholamines, Prevented the ventricular fibrillation under hypothermia in four of the eight cats. The pulse rate, however, was approximately the same as control and in some cases was rather slower. 5) Six cats treated with norepinephrine(2 mg/kg, i.m.) or DOPA(50 mg/kg) and tranylcypromine(10 mg/kg), which tab teen proved to cause significant increase in the catecholamines content of the heart muscle, showed ventricular fibrillation in all animals under hypothermia at average temperature of $21.6^{\circ}C$ and the pulse rate increased remarkably as compared with that of normal. Catecholamines content of cardiac muscle of these animals markedly decreased after hypothermia but higher than control animals. 6) The functional refractory periods of isolated rabbit atria, determined by the paired stimulus technique, was markedly shortened by administration of epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol. 7) Adrenergic beta-blocking agents, such as pronethalol, propranolol and sotalol(MJ-1999), inhibited completely the shortening of refractory period induced by norepinephrine. 8) Pretreatment with either phenoxftenbamine or phentolamine, an adrenergic alphatlocking agent, did not modify the decrease in refractory period induced by norepinephrine. From the above experiment it is possible to conclude that catecholamines play an important role in producing ventricular fibrillation under hypothermia. The shortening of the refractorf period of cardiac muscle induced by catecholamines mar be considered as a partial factor in producing ventriculr fibrillaton and to be mediated by beta-adrenergic receptor.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.44
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• pp.1-31
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• 2016

In this thesis, the movie with mise-en-scene established was compared with the peculiarity of the play that is the etymological source of the term to identify the peculiarity of mise-en-scene which was substituted into animation to find the peculiarity of mise-en-scene in animation. To emphasize the direct connection between the frame's visual peculiarity and the director's opinions, the mise-en-scene of director centered animation created under a restricted environment was reviewed. Mise-en-scene which started from movie critics theory does not simply mean the arrangement of images in a frame. Mise-en-scene emphasizes the exposure of the work's motive by the visual components. The animation's assuming the middle point of environmental share possessed by play and movie when schematizing the genre peculiarity of animation, play and movie was a noteworthy result. It can be said that the cause is that the animation's peculiarity yield different results depending on the making methods; we verified that this is a key factor in the analysis of animation's mise-en-scene. I emphasized that the peculiarity of animation mise-en-scene is in its making method and material and suggested identifying the work's making methods and analyzing the work's aesthetic results derived in this way. The russian animation which was perceived as peripheral arts was relatively free from the burden of censorship while receiving support from the Soviet as a media for propaganda. The russian animation's mise-en-scene which found the material for its works in the country's folklore was metaphorical, focused on new expression forms and achieved experimental elements. Russian animation pursues a unique aesthetic world through space expression based on the forms of opera or ballet and heavy motions formed static inbetweens.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2002

Purpose : X-linked agammaglobulinemia(XLA) is an immunodeficiency caused by abnormalities in Bruton's tyrosine kinase(Btk), and is characterized by a deficiency of peripheral blood B cells. We studied the cytoplasmic expression of Btk protein and analyzed the Btk gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from two siblings and one cousin with XLA, as well as additional family members. Methods : Btk protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Isolation of the coding sequence of the Btk gene was performed by amplification using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) technique. Sequence alterations were screened by the single-stranded conformation polymorphism(SSCP) method and characterized by standard sequencing protocols. Results : Cytoplasmic expression of Btk protein in monocytes was not detected in three patients with XLA. In addition, Btk protein analysis clearly showed cellular mosaicism in monocytes from four obligate carriers, findings further supported by SSCP. A single base pair mutation(T to C) in Btk-exon three, which encodes the PH domain, was identified in four XLA patients. A diagnostic sequencing analysis was established to detect heterozygotic pattern in 4 carrier females. Furthermore, we found significant clinical heterogeneity in individuals with the same gene mutation. Conclusion : The implicating genetic alteration provided valuable clues to the pathogenesis of XLA in Korea and the flow cytometric analysis was suggested as a useful tool for rapid detection of XLA patients and carriers. The present study has identified a genetic mutation in the Btk coding region and demonstrated heterogeneity in clinical manifestations among patients with the same mutation. A flow cytometric analysis was found to be informative in establishing a deficiency of Btk protein in both patients and carriers and is recommended as a frontline procedure in the molecular diagnosis and work-up of XLA.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2001

Objective : Glioblastomas, the most common type of primary brain tumors, are highly invasive and cause massive tissue destruction at both the tumor invading edges and in areas that are not in direct contact with glioma cells. As a result, patients with high-grade gliomas are faced with a poor prognosis. Such grim statistics emphasize the need to better understand the mechanisms that underlie glioma invasion, as these may lead to the identification of novel targets in the therapy of high grade gliomas. Protein kinase C(PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases and an important signal transduction enzyme that conveys signals generated by ligand-receptor interaction at the cell surface to the nucleus. PKC appears to be critical in regulating many aspects of glioma biology. The purpose of this study was to assess accurately the role of PKC in the invasion regulation of human gliomas based on hypothesis that protein kinase C(PKC) is functional in the process of glial tumor cell invasion. Method : To test this hypothesis, U-87 malignant glioma cell line intracellular PKC levels were up and down regulated and their invasiveness was tested. Intracellular PKC level was characterized using PKC activity assays. Invasion assays including barrier migration and spheroid confrontation were used to study the relationship between PKC concentration and invasiveness. Result : The cell line which were treated by PKC inhibitor tamoxifen and hypericin exhibited decreased PKC activity and decreased invasive abilities dose dependently both in matrigel invasion assay and tumor spheroid fetal rat brain aggregates(FRBA) confrontation assay. However, the cell line that was treated by PKC activator 12-O-tetradecanylphorbol-13acetate(TPA) did not exhibit increases in either PKC activity or invasive ability. Conclusion : These studies suggest that PKC may be a useful molecular target for the chemotherapy of glioblastoma and other malignancies and that a therapeutic approach based on the ability of PKC inhibitors may be helpful in preventing invasion.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.131-142
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• 2011

In recent years, Social Network Service, which is defined as a web-based service that allows an individual to construct a public or a semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulates a list of other users with whom they share connections, and traverses their list of connections. For example, Facebook and Twitter are the representative sites of Social Network Service, and these sites are the big issue in the world. A lot of people use Social Network Services to connect and maintain social relationship. Recently the users of Social Network Services have increased dramatically. Accordingly, many organizations become interested in Social Network Services as means of marketing, media, communication with their customers, and so on, because social network services can offer a variety of benefits to organizations such as companies and associations. In other words, organizations can use Social Network Services to respond rapidly to various user's behaviors because Social Network Services can make it possible to communicate between the users more easily and faster. And marketing cost of the Social Network Service is lower than that of existing tools such as broadcasts, news papers, and direct mails. In addition, Social network Services are growing in market place. So, the organizations such as companies and associations can acquire potential customers for the future. However, organizations uniformly communicate with users through Social Network Service without consideration of the characteristics of the networks although networks have different effects on information deliveries. For example, members' cohesion in an offline communication is higher than that in an online communication because the members of the offline communication are very close. that is, the network of the offline communication has a strong tie. Accordingly, information delivery is fast in the network of the offline communication. In this study, we compose two networks which have different characteristic of communication in Twitter. First network is constructed with data based on an offline communication such as friend, family, senior and junior in school. Second network is constructed with randomly selected data from users who want to associate with friends in online. Each network size is 250 people who divide with three groups. The first group is an ego which means a person in the center of the network. The second group is the ego's followers. The last group is composed of the ego's follower's followers. We compare the networks through social network analysis and follower's reaction analysis. We investigate density and centrality to analyze the characteristic of each network. And we analyze the follower's reactions such as replies and retweets to find differences of information delivery in each network. Our experiment results indicate that density and centrality of the offline communicationbased network are higher than those of the online-based network. Also the number of replies are larger than that of retweets in the offline communication-based network. On the other hand, the number of retweets are larger than that of replies in the online based network. We identified that the effect of information delivery in the offline communication-based network was different from those in the online communication-based network through experiments. So, you configure the appropriate network types considering the characteristics of the network if you want to use social network as an effective marketing tool.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.7 no.4 s.26
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• pp.151-162
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• 2005

Variable Message Sign (VMS), which provides drivers with direct information about state of traffic congestion and for prevent an accident, is the most effective method among the methods of providing information in Advanced Transportation Management System. Currently establishment and the VMS which is operated foundation lets in Guidelines on the use of Variable message sign (a book of the VMS) of 1999 November the Ministry Construction & Transportation, these contents mean main viewpoint on physical part such as message special quality variable (font, character size and line space, word interval) and position mainly among standard about establishment in general. But, it is true that using without effect verification on the character of VMS display and that using mode of stationary-centered. In this paper, it executed significance test to effort verification on the character of VMS display for more practical and effective information transmission based on the driver viewpoint For the researches; develop 3D-Simulation, select characteristics of driver's visual cognition behavior (the conspicuity, the legibility and the comprehensibility), evaluation each issue (day or night, 80km/h or 100km/h). Especially, that used the Eye Marker Recorder to measure of reading-time (legibility) thus, confirmed objectivity and reduce an observational error. The results showed that the conspicuity is Flashing> Stationary>Scroll. The legibility is not deference that Flashing between stationary form. Also the comprehensibility result showed that Flashing> Stationary>Stroll form.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.7 s.276
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• pp.492-498
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• 2007

Background: Malignant pleural effusion is a common condition in neoplastic patients and palliative therapy is the usual treatment. Talc has been generally accepted to be the most effective sclerosant for chemical pleurodesis, but the optimal route of administration remains controversy. We compared the results of video-assisted thoracoscopic talc poudrage (VTP) with administering a bedside talc slurry through a chest tube (BTS) for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. Material and Method: From December 2004 to May 2006, 20 patients with malignant pleural effusion underwent chemical pleurodesis via VTP (group A, n=10), and BTS (group B, n=10). Result: The durations of chest tube placement after the procedure were $7.0{\pm}4.0$ days (group A) and $6.7{\pm}3.6$ days (group B). The hospital stays were $24.3{\pm}9.4$ days (group A) and $30.7{\pm}21.5$ days (group B), respectively. The symptoms of dyspnea were much more improved in group A (p-value=0.014) after discharge (mean f/u group $A=8.5{\pm}2.2$ months, group B $8.0{\pm}7.4$ months). The collapsed portions of lung were better expanded in group A than in group B (p-value=0.011). Conclusion: We recommend VTP for the selected patients with malignant pleural effusion because of the advantages of dissecting the fibrous peel to relieve the atelectasis and dyspnea, and excising the pleura for diagnosis with direct viewing of the lesion.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.456-463
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• 2009

Background: Although the reports on re-operative coronary revascularization (redo-CABG) have increased, there are only limited reports on redo-CABG using arterial grafts. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety and feasibility of using various arterial grafts for redo-CABG. Material and Method: A consecutive series of patients who underwent 33 redo-CABGs from March 2001 to July 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. We performed conventional CABG in 17 patients, on-pump beating CABG in 7, off-pump CABG in 7 and minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass in 2. The grafted that were used included 34 internal thoracic arteries (ITA), 14 radial arteries, 14 right gastroepiploic arteries and others. Arterial composite grafts were constructed in 26 patients. Of these, a previously patent in-situ left ITA was re-used as the in-flow of a composite graft in 10 patients. Result: No hospital deaths or major wound problems occurred. The post-operative complications included 2 myocardial infarctions (6%), 1 intra-aortic balloon pump insertion (3%), 5 cases of atrial fibrillation (15.1 %) and 3 neurologic complications (9.1%). The meanfollow-up duration was 31.1$\pm$22.7 months and the 3 year survival rate was 86.4%. There were 4 late deaths (2 cardiac deaths) and no recurrent angina during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Redo-CABG with using various arterial grafts is currently a safe, feasible procedure, but further investigation and long term follow-up are needed.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2005

This study was carried out at Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake from July 2003 to June 2004. We observed total(sum of maximum population) 5,752 individuals of 70 species including 12 species of ducks, 10 species of egrets, 6 species of wagtails and buntings, 4 species of eagles. The most dominant species was Spotbill Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha - 3,518 individuals, 61.16%), and other species were Mallard(Anas platyrhynchos - 540 individuals, 9.39%), Great Reed-Warbler(Acrocephalus arundinaceus - 217 individuals, 3.77%). Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake were observed many kinds of protected species such as Great Bittern(Botaurus stellaris), Mandarin Duck(Aix galericulata), Chinese Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter soloensis), Eurasian Sparrow Hawk(Accipiter nisus), Japanese Buzzard(Buteo buteo), Hen Harrier(Circus cyaneus), Eurasian Hobby(Falco subbuteo), and Common Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus). Since the Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake arrived many individuals of waterbird, crop damage by the waterbird occurred in the surrounding rice fields. It was an area adjacent to the reed marsh of sihwa lake such as Yoopori and Samhwari Bibongmyoun, Yamokri Maesongmyoun Hwaseong City. Bird of crop damage was ducks openly. The most species was Spot-billed Duck. Crop damage types by the Spot-billed Duck were grazing, used the grain up or lower in quality with step on the rice. Crop damage size was about 560bags of rice during the one month on August 2002. In 2003, After carrying out the various crop damage reduction countermeasures, which measured crop damage size in 2002's crop damage area. It happened about 152bags of rice during the two months from on August to September 2003. Migration routes of Spot-billed Duck were that it was migrated from up the sihwa lake to reed marsh. It took a rest at reed marsh and migrated the surrounding rice fields for the feeding action. In 2002, it was migrated direct from up the sihwa lake to in surrounding rice fields. But as environment of reed marsh was improved better than 2002, it was migrated to reed marsh because of reducing the energy attrition rate. Crop damage reduction countermeasures are get on ears to use explosion machine, searchlight, start-gun and patrol at regular intervals. Which was an effect short term. Indirect method is to make a feeding area of substitution at up the sihwa lake and reed marsh of sihwa lake.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.536-542
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• 1999

Background: The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of the diagnostic procedures in the preoperative evaluation so as to reduce the unnecessary thoracotomy and to ensure resectability in non-small cell lung cancer. Material and Method: Of 616 patients who underwent thoracotomy for primary lung cancer from January 1990 to December 1996, 59 patients(9.6%) turned out to have inoperable lesions after the thoracotomy. We reprospectively reviewed the bronchoscopic findings, methods of tissue diagnosis, CT scans, pulmonary function test and lung perfusion scan, reasons for nonresectability, and adjuvant therapy, and then followed up on the survival rate after exploratory thoracotomy. Result: The cell types were squamous cell carcinoma in 38, adenocarcinoma in 15, large cell carcinoma in 3 and others in 3. Primary loci were RUL in 20, RML in 6, RLL in 8, LUL in 13, LLL in 4 and others in 8. The reasons for non-resectability were various; direct tumor invaison to mediastinal structures(n=41), seeding on pleural cavity(n=8), poor pulmonary function(n=2), invasions to extranodal mediastinal lymph node(n=2), technical non- resectability due to extensive chest wall invasion (n=3), small cell carcinoma (n=1), malignant lymphoma(n=1), and multiple rib metastases(n=1). In the follow-up of 58 patients, 1-year survival rate was 55.2% and 2-year survival rate was 17.2% and the mean survival time was 14 months. When compared according to cell types or postoperative adjuvant therapeutic modalities, no significant difference in the survival rates were found. The squamous cell carcinoma was frequently accompanied by local extension to contiguous structures and was the main cause of non-resectability. In adenocarcinoma, pleural seeding with malignant effusion was frequently encountered, and was the major reason for non-resectability. Conclusion: These data revealed that if appropriate preoperative diagnostic tools had been available, many unnecessary thoracotomies could have been avoided. Both the use of thoracoscopy in selected cases of adenocarcinoma and the more aggressive surgical approach to the locally advanced tumor could reduce the incidence of unnecessary thoracotomies for non-small cell lung cancers.