• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.431-436
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• 2016

Background: Although numerous studies of the anticancer activities of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) have been performed, the therapeutic effect of KRG on leukemia has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the antileukemia activities of KRG and its cellular and molecular mechanisms. Methods: An established leukemia tumor model induced by xenografted T cell lymphoma (RMA cells) was used to test the therapeutic activity of KRG water extract (KRG-WE). Direct cytotoxic activity of KRG-WE was confirmed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The immunomodulatory activities of KRG-WE were verified by immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide production assay. The inhibitory effect of KRG-WE on cell survival signaling was also examined. Results: Orally administered KRG-WE reduced the sizes of tumor masses. Levels of apoptosis regulatory enzymes and cleaved forms of caspases-3 and -8 were increased by this extract. In addition, expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, a metastasis regulatory enzyme, was decreased by KRG-WE treatment. The proportion of CD11c+ cells was remarkably increased in the KRG-treated group compared to the control group. However, KRG-WE did not show significant direct cytotoxicity against RMA cells. Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that the KRG might have antileukemia activity through CD11c+ cell-mediated antitumor immunity.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.321-332
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• 2007

Objectives : Anticancer and immune-modulating effects of several Korean medical prescriptions including Yukgunja-tang, Bohwa-tang, Sogam-Won, and Kamiboa-tang were investigated. Methods : In vitro anti-cancer effects were measured by cytotoxicity MTT assay using SNU-1 gastric cancer cell lines, In vivo anti-cancer effects were measured by increased life span of S-180 sarcoma-injected ICR mouse. Immune-modulating effects were analyzed by measuring hemagglutinin titer, appearance of rosette forming cells, lymphocyte proliferation, and phagocytic index in methotrexate-pretreated mice. Results : In vitro assay showed that only Sogam-won showed cytotoxic effect with $IC_{50}$ of 87.9 ${\mu}g/ml$. All other prescriptions showed no cytotoxic effects against SNU-1 gastric cancer cell line. However, in vivo assay showed that Sogam-won showed lowest anti-cancer effects in contrast to its highest cytotoxic effects, Kamiboa-tang, which showed no cytotoxic effect, showed the highest in vivo anticancer effects, with increased life span of 140%. Kamiboa-tang showed significant immune-enhancing activities by significantly increasing rosette forming cells, lymphocyte proliferation, and phagocytic index in methotrexate-pretreated mice (P<0.05). Conclusion : The anticancer effect of Kamiboa-tang is not mediated by direct inhibition of cancer cells but is mediated by improving immune reactions against cancer cells.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.182-187
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• 1998

Platelet activating factor (PAP) has been known as implicating as one of potent inflammatory mediators and reported 0 be involved in inflammation and allergy. PAF induces ciliary dysfunction and epithelial damage of human paranasal sinus mucosa in vitro. However, several recent papers have reported that PAF may not readily damage the airway epithelium. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural evidence to elucidate the pathogenesis of epithelial damage induced by PAF. Sixteen $\mu\textrm{g}$ g of PAF was applied into the maxillary sinuses of 6 rabbits. Rabbits were divided into 2 subgroups along with time interval at 1st and 3rd experimental day, and sinus mucosae were taken for the histopathologic study using electron microscopy. At 1st day, epithelial cells showed no ultrastructural change. Ultrastructures of the cilia were well preserved. Subepithelial space showed no evidence of the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Intravascular platelet aggregation and swelling of endothelial cells were evident. At 3rd day, epithelial cells showed vacuolar degeneration. Fusion of cilia forming giant cilia and focal loss of cilia were evident. Eosinophils were infiltrated in subepithelial and intraepithelial space. Swelling of endothelial cells, and migration of inflammatory cells into the connective tissue were evident. This study implies that epithelial damage induced by PAF may be secondary to the cytotoxicity of mobilized eosinophils rather than direct cytotoxicity of PAF.

• BMB Reports
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 1998

MHC unrestricted, antigen nonspecific killing by $CD4^+$ T-cells against virally-infected target cells was induced following cross-linking of CD4 molecules. The cytotoxicity of antibody-activated $CD4^+$ T-cells was abolished by genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, but not by H-7, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Genisteintreated human or bovine peripheral blood $CD4^+$ T-cells lacked PTK activity and failed to kill virally-infected target cells even after cross-linking of CD4 molecules. The cross-linking of CD4 molecules did not induce effector cell proliferation or the transcription of TNF ${\beta}$. TNF ${\beta}$ synthesis was up-regulated by incubating antibody activated effector cells with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infected D17 target cells. Anti-TNF ${\beta}$ antibody partially abrogated direct effector cell-mediated antiviral cytotoxicity. On the other hand, this antibody effectively neutralized antiviral activity of effector and target cell culture supernatants against BHV-1 infected D17 cells. The inhibition level of the antiviral activity by the antibody was dependent on effector and target cell ratio. These findings have importance to define the mechanisms of how CD4 cytotoxic cells control viral infection.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 키토산이 암세포에 미치는 효과를 보기 위하여 암세포에 대한 세포독성효과, 키토산을 기존 항암제와 함께 사용하였을 때의 암세포에 대한 세포독성효과 및 암마우스에 대한 생명연장 효과의 변화를 관찰하여 암 치료 가능성을 조사하고자 하였다. 암세포인 K562세포나 Yac-1세포에 키토산을 단독으로 작용시켰을 때 암세포성장억제효과를, 기존항암제(mitomycin C, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil)와 복합으로 작용시켰을 때 암세포성장억제효과의 상승효과를 보이고 암 마우스에서 키토산을 기존항암제와 복합으로 투여한 결과 생명연장효과를 보였다. 따라서 이러한 결과들은 앞으로의 추가적인 연구결과들이 있게 되면 임상에서의 암 치료에 키토산의 이용가능성을 시사한다 하겠다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2004

We have extended our previous work that cross-linking CD4 molecules using specific MAb induced antigen nonspecific, MHC unrestricted killing of virally infected target cells by CD$4^+$We have extended our previous work that cross-linking CD$4^+$ molecules using specific MAb induced antigen nonspecific, MHC unrestricted killing of virally infected target cells by CD$4^+$ T cells. The killing activity of antibody activated CD$4^+$T cells was completely blocked by herbimycin A, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, but not by bisindolylamaleimide, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Herbimycin A treated human or bovine peripheral blood CD$4^+$T cells lacked PTK activity and failed to kill virally infected target cells even after cross-linking of CD4 molecules. The CD$4^+$cross-linking failed to induce effector cell proliferation or the transcription of TNF${\beta}$ Upregulation of TNF${\beta}$ was induced by incubating the antibody activated effector cells with BHV-1 infected D17 target cells for 10 h. Anti-TNF${\beta}$ antibody partially abolished (13-44%) the direct effector cell-mediated antiviral cytotoxicity. However, this antibody neutralized 70 to 100% of antiviral activity of effector and target cell culture supernatants against BHV-1 infected D17 cells. The inhibition level of the antiviral activity by the antibody was dependent on the effector and target cell ratio. These results support the hypothesis that increased p$56^ICK enzyme activity in effector cells transduces a signal critical for effector cell recognition of viral glycoproteins expressed on the target cells. Following target cell recognition, lytic cytokines known to participate in target cell killing were produced. A better understanding of the killing activity displayed by CD$4^+$T lymphocytes following surface receptor cross-linking will provide insight into the mechanisms of cytotoxic activity directed toward virally-infected cells.T cells. The killing activity of antibody activated CD$4^+$T cells was completely blocked by herbimycin A, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, but not by bisindolylamaleimide, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Herbimycin A treated human or bovine peripheral blood CD4T cells lacked PTK activity and failed to kill virally infected target cells even after cross-linking of CD4molecules. The CD4 cross-linking failed to induce effector cell proliferation or the transcription of TNF$\beta$. Upregulation of TNF$\beta$ was induced by incubating the antibody activated effector cells with BHV-1 infected D17 target cells for 10 h. Anti-TNF$\beta$ antibody partially abolished (13-44%) the direct effector cell-mediated antiviral cytotoxicity. However, this antibody neutralized 70 to 100% of antiviral activity of effector and target cell culture supernatants against BHV-1 infected D17 cells. The inhibition level of the antiviral activity by the antibody was dependent on the effector and target cell ratio. These results support the hypothesis that increased $56^ICK enzyme activity in effector cells transduces a signal critical for effector cell recognition of viral glycoproteins expressed on the target cells. Following target cell recognition, lytic cytokines known to participate in target cell killing were produced. A better understanding of the killing activity displayed by CD$4^+$T lymphocytes following surface receptor cross-linking will provide insight into the mechanisms of cytotoxic activity directed toward virally-infected cells.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1644-1650
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• 2008

티트리 에센셜 오일은 호주 원주민들의 전통적인 피부 소독제나 치료제로 널리 사용되어 왔으며, 항균효과와 주요성분 등 많은 보고가 있으나 추출 방법이나 사용 부위 등에 따라 효능의 차이를 보인다. 본 연구에서는 아로마테라피 등에 현재 많이 이용되고 있는 시판 티트리 오일의 성분과 효능을 평가하여, 다른 에센셜 오일과의 비교 이용을 용이하게 하고자 하였다. 티트리 오일의 주요성분은 GC-MS 분석에 의하여 ${\beta}$-terpinene (20.87%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (17.60%), p-cymene (11.23%), 3-carene (10.40%), trans-anethole (8.47%), limonene (4.65%)으로 밝혀졌으며, 5% 이하의 농도에서 3시간 미만까지는 피부세포에 독성이 없었다. 오일의 라디컬 소거능을 알아본 결과, DPPH와 ABTS의 양라디컬에 대하여 강한 소거능을 나타내어 강한 항산화능을 시사했다. 또한, 오일의 direct contact와 vapor-phase의 항균활성을 disc diffusion법으로 스크리닝 한 결과, direct contact 활성의 경우 그람음성균에 대하여 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, vapor는 S. aureus에 대하여 강한 효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 실제 많이 사용되는 티트리 오일의 성분과 생물활성을 측정함으로써 허브 오일들의 정확한 선택과 활용을 위한 기본적인 결과를 얻었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.247-257
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• 1992

The present study quantitates the in vitro cytotoxicity of a variety of denture base acrylic resins using cell culture techniques combined with image analysis to measure nuclear area and DNA contents. In this study, a comparison was made among direct curing, heat curing and microwave curing resins. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1. Morphologically, cell process and nucleus became prominent but macroscopic difference according to the resins were nit observed. In addition, increased cellular density around the specimen were observed. 2. In DNA contents measurements, $S-G_2M$ phase cell was 15.47%, 14.58% in control and heat curing resin on 1st day and the others group $21.39\sim33.36%$ were measured. 3. Nuclear area and DNA contents were increased on 3rd day except DNA content of the microwave curing resin group. These results suggest that denture base acrylic resins stimulate gingival fibroblasts in vitro, especially stimulation of direct curing resin is larger and longer than the others.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.172-177
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• 2015

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cell toxicity due to ion release caused by galvanic corrosion as a result of contact between base metal and titanium. MATERIALS AND METHODS. It was hypothesized that Nickel (Ni)-Chromium (Cr) alloys with different compositions possess different corrosion resistances when contacted with titanium abutment, and therefore in this study, specimens ($10{\times}10{\times}1.5mm$) were fabricated using commercial pure titanium and 3 different types of Ni-Cr alloys (T3, Tilite, Bella bond plus) commonly used for metal ceramic restorations. The specimens were divided into 6 groups according to the composition of Ni-Cr alloy and contact with titanium. The experimental groups were in direct contact with titanium and the control groups were not. After the samples were immersed in the culture medium - Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium[DMEM] for 48 hours, the released metal ions were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test (P<.05). Mouse L-929 fibroblast cells were used for cell toxicity evaluation. The cell toxicity of specimens was measured by the 3-{4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl}-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Results of MTT assay were statistically analyzed by the two-way ANOVA test (P<.05). Post-hoc multiple comparisons were conducted using Tukey's tests. RESULTS. The amount of metal ions released by galvanic corrosion due to contact between the base metal alloy and titanium was increased in all of the specimens. In the cytotoxicity test, the two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of the alloy type and galvanic corrosion for cytotoxicity (P<.001). The relative cell growth rate (RGR) was decreased further on the groups in contact with titanium (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The release of metal ions was increased by galvanic corrosion due to contact between base metal and titanium, and it can cause adverse effects on the tissue around the implant by inducing cytotoxicity.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2016

In this paper we present an implantable pressure sensor to measure real-time blood pressure by monitoring mechanical movement of artery. Sensor is composed of inductors (L) and capacitors (C) which are formed by microfabrication and direct bonding on two biocompatible substrates (quartz). When electrical potential is applied to the sensor, the inductors and capacitors generates a LC resonance circuit and produce characteristic resonant frequencies. Real-time variation of the resonant frequency is monitored by an external measurement system using inductive coupling. Structural and electrical simulation was performed by Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) programs, ANSYS and HFSS, to optimize geometry of sensor. Ultrafast laser (femto-second) cutting and MEMS process were executed as sensor fabrication methods with consideration of brittleness of the substrate and small radial artery size. After whole fabrication processes, we got sensors of $3mm{\times}15mm{\times}0.5mm$. Resonant frequency of the sensor was around 90 MHz at atmosphere (760 mmHg), and the sensor has good linearity without any hysteresis. Longterm (5 years) stability of the sensor was verified by thermal acceleration testing with Arrhenius model. Moreover, in-vitro cytotoxicity test was done to show biocompatiblity of the sensor and validation of real-time blood pressure measurement was verified with animal test by implant of the sensor. By integration with development of external interrogation system, the proposed sensor system will be a promising method to measure real-time blood pressure.