• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.173-188
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• 2014

The KMA has cooperated with the Oklahoma University in USA to develop a Polarimetric Radar Data (PRD) simulator to improve the microphysical processes in Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS), which is critical for the utilization of PRD into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) field. The simulator is like a tool to convert NWP data into PRD, so it enables us to compare NWP data with PRD directly. The simulator can simulate polarimetric radar variables such as reflectivity (Z), differential reflectivity ($Z_{DR}$), specific differential phase ($K_{DP}$), and cross-correlation coefficient (${\rho}_{hv}$) with input of the Drop Size Distribution (DSD) and scattering calculation of the hydrometeors. However, the simulator is being developed based on the foreign observation data, therefore the PRD simulator development reflecting rainfall characteristics of Korea is needed. This study analyzed a potential application of the 2-Dimension Video Disdrometer (2DVD) data by calculating the raindrop axis ratio according to the rain-types to reflect Korea's rainfall characteristics into scattering module in the simulator. The 2DVD instrument measures the precipitation DSD including the fall velocity and the shape of individual raindrops. We calculated raindrop axis ratio for stratiform, convective and mixed rainfall cases after checking the accuracy of 2DVD data, which usually represent the scattering characteristics of precipitation. The raindrop axis ratio obtained from 2DVD data are compared with those from foreign database in the simulator. The calculated the dual-polarimetric radar variables from the simulator using the obtained raindrop axis ratio are also compared with in situ dual-polarimetric observation data at Bislsan (BSL). 2DVD observation data show high accuracies in the range of 0.7~4.8% compared with in situ rain gauge data which represents 2DVD data are sufficient for the use to simulator. There are small differences of axis ratio in the diameter below 1~2 mm and above 4~5 mm, which are more obvious for bigger raindrops especially for a strong convective rainfall case. These differences of raindrop axis ratio between domestic and foreign rainfall data base suggest that the potential use of disdrometer observation can develop of a PRD simulated suitable to the Korea precipitation system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.190-195
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• 2016

Purpose: Severe aplastic anemia (SAA), a fatal disease, requires multiple transfusion, immunosuppressive therapy, and finally, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) as the definitive treatment. We hypothesized that iron overloading associated with multiple transfusions and HSCT-related complications may adversely affect cardiac function. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed in children after HSCT for SAA. Methods: Forty-six consecutive patients with a median age of 9.8 years (range, 1.5-18 years), who received HSCT for SAA and who underwent comprehensive echocardiography before and after HSCT, were included in this study. The data of LV functional parameters obtained using conventional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) were collected from pre- and post-HSCT echocardiography. These data were compared to those of 40 age-matched normal controls. Results: In patients, the LV ejection fraction, shortening fraction, end-diastolic dimension, mitral early diastolic E velocity, TDI mitral septal E' velocity, and STE LV longitudinal systolic strain rate (SSR) decreased significantly after HSCT. Compared to normal controls, patients had significantly lower post-HSCT early diastolic E velocity and E/A ratio. On STE, patients had significantly decreased LV deformational parameters including LV longitudinal systolic strain (SS), SSR, and diastolic SR (DSR), and circumferential SS and DSR. Serum ferritin levels showed weak but significant correlations (P<0.05) with LV longitudinal SS and SSR and circumferential SS and DSR. Conclusion: Subclinical LV dysfunction is evident in patients after HSCT for SAA, and was associated with increased iron load. Serial monitoring of cardiac function is mandatory in this population.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 1995

The purpose of this artic1e is to compare soft tissue profiles between Korean adults with normal occ1usion and malocclusin and to identify the differences between them. The subjects of this cephalometric study were 40 males with normal occlusion(Group 1), 27 females with normal occlusion(Group 2), 28 adults with Angle's Class II malocclusion(Group 3) and 41 adults with Angle's Class III malocclusion(Group 4). The results of this study were as follows ; 1) People with Angle's Class II malocclusion had tendency to have more labial tipping of lower teeth than people with normal occ1usion. Through NOA angle measurement, it was determined that people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had more protruding midface than people with normal occlusion and people with Angle's Class III malocclusion had retruding midface. 2) Through Powell's esthetic triangle analysis, it was determined that people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had retruding chin and protruding nose. 3) No significant differences between people with normal occlusion and maloclusion could be identified by measuring soft tissue profile angle basis of S-NS plane. 4) There were significant differences between groups with normal occlusion and malocclusion by measuring Facial convexity angle(Significance level 99%). 5) By measuring the distance between each landmark basis of N-Pog plane, People with Angle's Class II malocclusion were identified as having more protruding midface, but there were no significant differences between people with normal occlusion and Angle's Class III malocclusion. 6) By measuring the vertical dimension of the face, it was determined that the lower facial height was higher than the upper facial height in all groups, particularly in group with Angle's Class III malocclusion. 7) By measuring the lips basis of E-line and S-line, it was determined that people with Angle's Class III malocclusion had more, protruding lower lips than people with normal occlusion, while people with normal occlusion, while people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had more protruding upper lips. By measuring the distance between the superior sulcus and inferior sulcus basis of H-line, people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had thicker upper lips than the other's.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 2013

It is necessary to consider the median lingual foramen carefully to prevent the bleeding due to the damage of the sublingual artery for implant surgery. This study is to evaluate the frequency, location, diameter and the number of the Mandibular median lingual foramen regarding gender and age in the CBCT. Sixty two images of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) whose visited the Chonnam National University Dental hospital from Sept. 2010 to Apr. 2011 were evaluated. Frequency, number, location and the diameter of Mandibular median lingual foramen shown in the CBCT image were evaluated. Sixty two patients (100%) had at least one median lingual foramen and fifty six patients (90.32%) had multiple foramens. Forty patients (66.13%) showed the median lingual foramen on the location between Mn. central incisors. The mean vertical position of the genial spine and the median lingual foramen was 24.21 mm and 14.52 mm, respectively. And the relative mean vertical dimension of median lingual foramen was 0.45. The mean diameter of the foramen was 0.93 mm. CBCT demonstrated the frequency, location, diameter and the number of median lingual foramen. It is necessary to take CBCT before implant placement to prevent the bleeding.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.345-349
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• 2000

$Al_2O_3/ZrO_2$eutectic fibers were grown by micro-pulling down technique and investigated their microstructure as a function of solidification rate. $Al_2O_3/ZrO_2$eutectic fibers 0.2~2 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length have been grown with a pulling rate of 0.1~15 mm/min. The eutectic microstructures changed as a function of fulling rate from rod-shaped to cellular shape containing some thin lamellar pattern via uniform lamellar structure. Typical lamellar thickness decreased from about 380 nm to 110 nm as the pulling rate increased from 1 mm/min to 15 mm/min. The interlamellar spacing fitted with the inverse-square-root dependence on pulling rate according to $\lambda$= $1{\times}v^{-1/2}$, where $\lambda$ has the dimension in $\mu\textrm{m}$ and v is $\mu\textrm{m}$/s. Hardness value reached 13.1 GPa at 15 mm/min of pulling rate and tensile strength 900 MPa at 10 mm/min were also increased as the interlamellar spacing decreased.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.300-318
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• 2003

Statement of problem: The success of implants depends on intimate and direct contact of implant material on bone tissue and on functional relationship with soft tissue contact. Creation and maintenance of osseointegration depend on the understanding of the tissue's healing, repairing, and remodeling capacity and these capacities rely on cellular behavior. Altering the surface properties can modify cellular responses such as cell adhesion, cell motility, bone deposition, Therefore, various implant surface treatment methods are being developed for the improved bone cell responses. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of osteoblast-like cells to surface-modified titanium. Materials and Methods: The experiment was composed of four groups. Group 1 represented the electropolished surface. Group 2 surfaces were machined surface. Group 3 and Group 4 were anodized surfaces. Group 3 had low roughness and Group 4 had high roughness. Physicochemical properties and microstructures of the discs were examined and the responses of osteoblast-like cells to the discs were investigated. The microtopography was observed by SEM. The roughness was measured by three-dimension roughness measuring system. The microstructure was analyzed by XRD, AES. To evaluate cell responses to modified titanium surfaces, osteoblasts isolated from calvaria of neonatal rat were cultured. Cell count, morphology, total protein measurement and alkaline phosphatase activities of the cultures were examined. Results and Conclusion: The results were as follows 1. The four groups showed specific microtopography respectively. Anodized group showed grain structure with micropores. 2. Surface roughness values were, from the lowest to the highest, electropolished group, machined group, low roughness anodized group, and high roughness anodized group. 3. Highly roughened anodized group was found to have increased surface oxide thickness and surface crystallinity. 4. The morphology of cells, flattened or spherical, were different from each other. In the electropolished group and machined group, the cells were almost flattened. In two anodized groups, some cells were spherical and other cells were flattened. And the 14 day culture cells of all of the groups were nearly flattened due to confluency. 5. The number of attached cells was highest in low roughness anodized group. And the machined group had significantly lower cell count than any other groups(P<.05). 6. Total protein contents showed no difference among groups. 7. The level of alkaline phosphatase activities was higher in the anodized groups than electropolished and machined groups(P<.05).

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.57-78
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• 2000

In the 21st century the size of sales of food service business in Korea will be 30 trillion won which means Food service business in Koreas is a mega market, but it is only quantitative growth and might face the limit of growth. At the same time it is predicted that from the academic world Food service business will develop endlessly after IMF condition. Of course I hope so as a member of national. Al though I propose that quantitative side is important, qualitative side must not be disregarded the present and future customer is needs should be met because the 1st goal of company is to achieve a management goal and pursuit profit. The present situation requires a peculiar and specific strategy of its own which can not be followed by competing hotels so that value can be created and buying intention can be occurred after buying. Until now the goal of marketing campaign has been transacted marketing just for closing a transaction, but it must be related marketing which is seeking mutual interests of customer and company. The strategies to attain these goals are : 1) to change from products and service management-focused to customer management and relationship building-focused. 2) to establish a core strategy which needs to be changed from market occupancy of volume expansion to customer occupancy. 3) to change from one-way communication to two-way communication. 4) to change from large scale marketing by company dimension to small scale marketing by sections. If companies focus on core benefit and augmented service to be sought by customers and make every efforts to create a value customer occupancy will increase automatically, the reduction of marketing cost will be followed, and marketing efforts will be much more efficient. In introducing a new product it is still easier to diffuse through the existing customers, and also important market information can be obtained from customers using this close relationship. If this close relationship maintains well customers will say even a trivial inconvenience and complaint and propose an idea of new product. Kotler divides relationship marketing into 5 stages such as Basic, Reactive, Accountable, Proactive, and Partnership. From the 1st stage to the last stage customer management is absolutely important and also in management strategy. The last stage, Partnership can come into the stage which is actively participated in service development and problem solving by customers. so more loyal customers have more successful performance the company attain.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.671-687
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• 2009

This paper aims to link the development strategy of a local government(Guri-si, Kyunggi-do) to a spatial decision support system that is in the early stages of implementation and testing. Spatial Decision for a local governmental authority typically involves multiple stakeholders. To any specific regional problem, stakeholders often have various levels of knowledge and experiences about it, that yield conflicting views. In this point of view, the enhanced access to information can bring the decision process to solve the problem throughout more public participation. Recently, Urban development study was required to improve the decision making of public participation form. This study aim to investigate an analysis local government of Guri-si, can be supported as the suggestion of decision making system. Guri-si has been argued that it would improve citizen's life quality intent theme 'by historical tourism in general dimension' promote region identity, environment friendly and transportational strength, by reflecting various plan of urban development and it executed strategy. There are increasing interest in citizen participation and practical using of policy decision making to respond to uncertain environment and systematic exploration of local government. Focused on the contents of public participation decision making, it is important to investigate how to analysis urban development strategy and geographic information relationship for useful. The paper concludes with a discussion of current issues encountered during development and implementation of spatial decision making(or support) system for the local administrative authority.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.635-654
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• 2009

Recently, concepts of multicultural society and/or multiculturalism have been not only widely discussed across several disciplines, but also actively promoted in government's policy, as the in-flow of foreign immigrants has increased rapidly. This paper suggests the term 'multicultural space' instead of multicultural society in a sense that both international migration of immigrants and their accommodation to a certain locality presuppose a spatial dimension. This paper also points out that the term multiculturalsim should be used very carefully, because this term includes a normative character implied in a sense of recognition of ethnic and cultural diversity and difference on the one hand, and an ideological one reflected on strategic policies of capital and the state on the other. On the basis of recognition of these problems, this paper tries to reformulate spatially the concept of muticultural society which has been supposed to be constructed due to rapidly increasing foreign immigrants, emphasizing some usefulness of multi-scalar approach. It then analyzes economic and political contexts of transnational migration, providing a criticism of multiculturalism as an ideological logic of capital and the state in transnational captialism. Finally it put a stress upon importance of struggle for spaces of recognition as a new glocal ethics in the age of post-globalization.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.92-103
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• 1993

A sunday system with a horizontal bin-type composter was constructed and operated to evaluate its composting performance for four days for each test in October, 1992. A sundry system is one of popular systems for composting livestock manure, of which main benefit is to utilize unlimited, clean, and free solar radiation. A rectangular concrete bin(composter) with dimension of 300cm(length) X90cm(width) X60cm(height) was bedded alternatively with four lanes of aeration pipes and heating pipes, and was insulated at three walls with 50mm styrofoam. Each aeration pipe of a diameter of 25mm had 4mm perforated holes at every 15cm longitudinally, and supplied air of about 2m$^3$/min to the composter to maintain aerobic condition . A stirrer rotating at 1 rpm made one round trip every 20 minutes on the conveying chain along the the length of the composter. Five tests (Test 1~Test 5) were implemented to evaluate the composting effectiveness of a sundry system with a horizontal bin-type composter. Treatments of two levels of the mixture ratio of swine manure and paper sludge cakes(manure : paper sludge cakes= 1 : 4 and 1 : 2) and two levels of the water content(W/C ; 70% and 50%) were made to test the significance of the physicochemical properties for decomposition of the mixture materials. Temperature, C/N ratio, water content, microbial activity of the composting materials were taken measurements to evaluate its performance with the lapse of composting time for tests. A small-scale sundry system with a bin-type composter did not appear to be an appropriate system for composting livestock manure. Since heat generation by the composting materials could not overcome heat loss due to areation in a small-scale composter, a proper thermal enviroment could not be maintained to propagate massively thermopilic microorganism relatively in a short period of time. Different from the result of Chol et al.(1992) 6), a temperature variation of the composting materials did not show the peak clearly and C/N ratio didn't lower with time as expected. Mesophilic microoragnism seemed to play an important role for decomposition of the mixture materials. A sundry system with a bin-type composter may be good for a large-scale livestock farm household which may produce enough animal manure. Therefore a decision should be made very carefully to choose a system for composting livestock waste.