• Title/Summary/Keyword: dilution effects

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Effects of Rice Straw Supplemented with Urea and Molasses on Intermediary Metabolism of Plasma Glucose and Leucine in Sheep

  • Alam, Mohammad Khairul;Ogata, Yasumichi;Sato, Yukari;Sano, Hiroaki
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.523-529
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    • 2016
  • An isotope dilution method using $[U-^{13}C]glucose$ and $[1-^{13}C]leucine$ (Leu) was conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw supplemented with urea and molasses (RSUM-diet) on plasma glucose and Leu turnover rates in sheep. Nitrogen (N) balance, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood metabolite concentrations were also determined. Four sheep were fed either mixed hay (MH-diet), or a RSUM-diet with a crossover design for two 21 days period. Feed allowance was computed on the basis of metabolizable energy at maintenance level. The isotope dilution method was performed as the primed-continuous infusion on day 21 of each dietary period. Nitrogen intake was lower (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet and N digestibility did not differ (p = 0.57) between diets. Concentrations of rumen total volatile fatty acids tended to be higher (p = 0.09) for the RSUM-diet than the MH-diet. Acetate concentration in the rumen did not differ (p = 0.38) between diets, whereas propionate concentration was higher (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet. Turnover rates as well as concentrations of plasma glucose and Leu did not differ between diets. It can be concluded that kinetics of plasma glucose and Leu metabolism were comparable between the RSUM-diet and the MH-diet, and rumen fermentation characteristics were improved in sheep fed the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet.

Effects of Application Times and Dilution of Cattle Slurry with Water on Dry Mattter Yield and Feed Values of Orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.) (액상우분뇨의 시용시기와 희석이 오차드그라스의 건물수량과 사료가치에 미치는 영향)

  • Jo, Ik-Hwan
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.411-425
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    • 2004
  • The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of applying times and dilution rates of cattle slurry with water on dry matter yields and feed values of orchard grass. Cattle slurry was applied at the rates of average nitrogen fertilizer equivalent to 150kg/ha/year in 3 cutting frequency. Significantly higher dry matter yields than that of no fertilization (7.36 ton DM/ha) were recorded in the application of diluted cattle slurry (10.74~13.54 ton DM/ha) (p<0.05). Especially, this tendency was shown with higher annual dry matter yields at the partitioned dressing times, such as at the applications for 1st and 3rd growth, 2nd and 3rd growth, and 1st, 2nd and 3rd growth respectively. The yields of annual dry matter at fertilizing phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen were higher than no fertilization as 12.42 tons per ha. However, with application of diluted cattle slurry, dry matter yields per year (11.96 ton DM/ha) were significantly higher than those of fertilizing phosphorus and potassium (7.52 ton DM/ha) (p<0.05). The efficiencies of dry matter production with mineral and cattle slurry nitrogen application (kg DM/kg N) were 32.7 and 13.4~26.9kg DM/kg N respectively. Especially, these tendencies were higher in diluted application plots than in no-diluted application plots of cattle slurry. The contents of crude protein (CP, %), neutral detergent Eber (NDF, %), acid detergent fiber (ADF, %), annual yields of CP (kg/ha) and total digestible nutrient (TDNY, kg/ha) of orchardgrass were significantly higher at the application of diluted cattle Slurry than those at non-fertilizer application (p<0.05).

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Effects of Waste Leachate Irrigation on Populus euramericana and Betula platyphylla var. japonica Seedlings(II) (생활(生活)쓰레기 매립지(埋立地) 침출수(浸出水)가 이태리 포플러와 자작나무 묘목(苗木)에 미치는 영향(影響)(II))

  • Woo, Su-Young;Lee, Dong-Sup;Kim, Dong-Geun;Kim, Pan-Gi
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.90 no.1
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    • pp.55-63
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    • 2001
  • Populus euramericana and Betula platyphylla var. japonica have been identified as possible species for use for phytoremediation of landfills. To identify the effects of waste leachate on growth and physiological characteristics in Populus euramericana and Betula platyphylla var. japonica, four different treatments were applied to seedlings for 3 months: leachate solution(100% leachate), 50% dilution(50% leachate: 50% water, v/v), 75% dilution(25% leachate: 75% water, v/v) and control(tab water) were applied to these two species. Treatment with waste leachate significantly stimulated both Populus euramericana and Betula platyphylla var. japonica height, diameter at root collar and biomass production relative to the water control. Chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis and transpiration of leachate irrigated-trees were significantly higher than those of water control. These results suggested that these two species could be suitable species for phytoremediation in landfills because these species showed good growth performance and were capable of taking up waste leachate.

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Effects of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplements on Feed Digestion in Indigenous Malaysian Goats and Sheep

  • Darlis, N. Abdullah;Halim, R.A.;Jalaludin, S.;Ho, Y.W.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.464-469
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    • 2000
  • Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) as a source of protein and sago meal (SM) as a source of carbohydrate on in situ and in vivo digestibility of dietary components in four male goats (Kambing Katjang) and four male sheep (Malin) weighing 25-35 kg. Rumen volume, as well as rumen fluid dilution rate were also determined. The animals were housed in single pens with individual feeding and drinking troughs and each animal was fitted with a rumen fistula. They were fed two diets : chopped rice straw+200 g soybean meal (SBM), and chopped rice straw+190 g soybean meal+300 g sago meal (SBM+SM). Rice straw was offered ad libitum. The supplements were isonitrogenous (80 g crude protein/animal/d), but the proportions of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were lower in the SBM supplement (191, 165, 11, 40, 15 g/animal/d for DM, OM, CF, NDF and ADF, respectively) than in the SBM+SM supplement (445, 423, 25, 102, 38 g/animal/d for DM, OM, CF, NDF and ADF, respectively). Two animals from each species were fed either supplement in a cross-over design in two periods. Each period lasted for four weeks. In situ and in vivo digestibility studies were carried out, followed by the determination of rumen volume and rumen fluid dilution rate. The results showed that straw DM and total DM intakes of goats (average of $48.7g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, $72.7g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, respectively) were significantly (p<0.01) higher than sheep (average of $3.56g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, $61.6g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, respectively), but OM, N and GE intakes were not significantly different between the two animal species. When the effect of supplements was compared, animals fed SBM+SM supplement had significantly (p<0.001) higher DM, OM and GE intakes than animals fed SBM supplement. Potential degradabilities of rice straw DM were significantly (p<0.01) higher in goats (average of 48.8%) than in sheep (average of 46.1 %). The supplements had no significant effect on the potential degradabilities of DM, OM and NDF, but they had a significant (p<0.05) effect on the degradation rates of DM and NDF. The addition of sago meal in the diet reduced the degradation rates of DM and NDF of rice straw in the rumen. Potential degradability of DM of soybean meal was not significantly different between animal species as well as between supplements. Sago meal was highly degradable. At 24 h of incubation in the rumen, 90-95% of DM loss was observed. There was a significant interaction between animal species and supplements in the in vivo digestibility of ADF and GE. In animals fed SBM supplement, the in vivo digestibility of ADF was significantly (p<0.05) higher in goats ($50.6{\pm}4.22%$) than in sheep ($44.4{\pm}3.21%$), but digestibility of GE was significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep ($70.2{\pm}1.93%$) than in goats ($63.0{\pm}3.07%$). The digestibility values of CP and OM were significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep when compared to goats. Animals fed SBM+SM supplement showed significantly (p<0.05) higher DM and OM digestibility values than animals fed SBM supplement, but digestibility values of CP were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals fed SBM supplement. Differences in in vivo digestibility values of CF and NDF were not significantly different between animal species or supplements. Water intake, rumen volume ($1/kg\;W^{0.75}$), rumen fluid dilution rate and mean retention time were similar between the two animal species. However, rumen fluid dilution rate and mean retention time was significantly (p<0.01) affected by supplements. Animals fed SBM+SM had faster rumen fluid dilution rate and consequently shorter mean retention time.

Effects of Equilibration and Dilution Methods on the Survival of Vitrified Bovine IVE Embryos (동결액의 평형방법과 희석방법이 초자화 동결된 소 체외수정란의 생존성에 미치는 영향)

  • 김정익;유재원;박춘근;양부근;정희태
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.313-321
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    • 1998
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of equilibration and dilution methods on the survival rate of vitrified IVM-IVF bovine blastocysts. Vitrification solution was composed with 20% glycerol, 20% ethylene glycol, 3/8 M sucrose and 3/8 M dextrose in D-PBS supplemented with 20% FBS (GESD). Embryos were equilibrated in 1 of 3 methods: 3-step (El), 2-step (E2), or 1-step (E3), and after loading into 0.25-ml straws, were plunged into liquid nitrogen. After warming in water bath at 2$0^{\circ}C$, cryoprotectants were diluted in 1 of 3 methods: 1) D1(VS+1/2 M sucrose, 1/2 M sucrose and l/4 M sucrose), 2) D2 (1/2 M sucrose and 1/4 M sucrose), or 3) D3(1/2 M sucrose only). All procedures except warming were conducted at room temperature. Survival and hatching rates of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts following equilibration methods were 50 and 83.6%, and 27.8 and 67.3%, respectively in El, which were significantly higher (P〈0.01) than those of E2 (16.7 and 23.2%, and 7.4 and 12.5%, respectively) and 23 (0 and 3.7%, and 0 and 0%, respectively). Survival and hatching rates of expanded blastocysts were significantly (P〈0.01) higher than those of blastocysts in El. Survival rates of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts following dilution methods were 52% and 80.6% in D2, which were significantly higher (P〈0.05) than those of D1 (29.6 and 48.3%) and D3 (47.2 and 63.8%). Hatching rates of blastocysts were similar in D1, D2 and D3, however in expanded blastocysts, that of D2(61.3%) was significantly higher (P〈0.01) than that of D1(34.5%). Survival rates of expanded blastocysts in D1 and D2, and hatching rates in D2 and D3 were significantly higher(P〈0.01) than those of blastocysts. These results indicate that the viability of vitrified blastocysts was improved by the several steps of equilibration, and by 2-steps dilution after warming, independently of their stage of development. The results also indicated that the expanded blastocysts are more profitable to vitrification than blastocysts.

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A Study on Information Effect of Convertible Bond (전환사채의 정보효과에 관한 연구)

  • 이희돈
    • Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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    • v.20 no.41
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    • pp.79-86
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    • 1997
  • This study is tested the information effects of convertible bond(CB). In orter to examine the abnormal stock returns of convertable day of CB, this study were selected 134 samples for the period from Jan.1988 to Dec.1994. There are some empirical studies which pesent evidents that CB are converted day of CB. The results of empirical study are summarized as follows. As in korea stock market, abnormal stock returns of CB have influenced on convertable day of CB. The day has some affirmative influences but it takes away stock price pressures, the amount of stock and dilution effects. As the results, related corporate stock price falled in preference to market abnormal returns.

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Studies on Simplified Procedures for Freezing and Thawing of Bovine Embryos VII. Effects of freezing procedures in a liquid nitrogen container on the survival rate of mouse embryos (육우수정란 간역동결 및 융해방법에 관한 연구 제칠보. 내동제에 Sucrose 첨가에 따른 액체질소에 미치는 영향)

  • 김중규;강만종;김영훈;장덕지;강민수;김승호
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.84-90
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    • 1988
  • This study was done with mouse embryos to determine effects of the freezing media with or without 10% sucrose, and seeding methods (pincette, no seeding, liquid nitrogen gas phase and copper wire coiled straw) on embryo survival were determined using the FDA test. The summarized results are the following. 1. The FDA score found with copper wire coiled straw, no seeding, pincette and liquid nitrogen gas phase was 3.6, 3.6, 3.3 and 3.0, respectively. There were no significant differences. 2. The embryo score shows higher (P<0.05) survival rate using a freezing medium with sucrose than the one without it. Among the seeding procedure, better resutls are copper wire coiled straw and no seeded. 3. The results suggest that copper wire coiled seeding no seeding be as good as seeding when the mouse embryos were frozen in a liquid nitrogen container using both the freezing and dilution media containing 10% sucrose.

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An Experimental Study on the Measurement of Soot Contamination in a Diesel Engine Oil (디젤 엔진오일 내 Soot 함량 증가에 따른 오염도 측정에 관한 실험적 고찰)

  • 공호성;조성용;윤의성;한흥구;정동윤
    • Tribology and Lubricants
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.251-258
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    • 2003
  • New method and device for the on-line measurement of soot concentration in a diesel engine oil are proposed, where the measurement principle is based mainly on attenuated internal total reflection. The detector were evaluated in various ranges of contaminated oils by carbon black particles. It was found that the proposed detector could be well used to monitor the oil deterioration due to soot contamination. Operational range of the detector was found from 0 to 5 mass percentage of soot content. Test results with water and fuel dilution showed that these effects were not remarkable. However, adsorption of carbon black particles onto the measurement surface was considered to be a critical problem of the detector. Effects of particle deposition on the interface was experimentally evaluated with the oil temperature and flow turbulence and discussed throughout this work.

Effect of Salicylate on Antibacterial Activity of Different Antibiotics

  • El-Naggar, Wael A.
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.99-103
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    • 1992
  • Susceptibility of Psudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis to gentimicin and ceforaxime was affected by salicylaye. In presence of salicylaye (15 mM) and gentamicin (1.0 .mu.g/ml), log efficiency of plating (log E. O. P. s) for the tested bacteria were -1.24, -2.17 and -1.66 respectively. The activity of cefotaxime against Bacillus subtilis was reduced (log E. O. P. = 1.33). The highest potentiating effects of salicylaye were shown when using gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus, cefotaxime against Ps. aeruginosa, log E. O. P.s were -3.0, and -2.4 respectively. On the other hand, no significant effects were detected with cefotaxime against Staphylococcus aureus (log E. O. P. = -0.04). No significant killing was shown in presence of gentamicin or salicylaye alone. There was no significant effect for salicylaye on MICs (By broth dilution) could be observed except in case of gentamicin against Staphyloccus aureus, which was reduced from 0.02 .mu.g/ml to 0.0012 .mu.g/ml. These results raise the concern that high concentrations of salicylaye in patients might interfere with antibiotic therapies.

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Anti-Aspergillus Activities of the Ligusticum chuanxiong Essential Oil Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics

  • Sim, Youn;Shin, Seung-Won
    • Natural Product Sciences
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.175-179
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    • 2010
  • The present study aimed to assess the antifungal properties of the essential oil fraction from Ligusticum chuanxiong (Umbelliferae) and its components against five clinically important Aspergillus species. The essential oil fraction was extracted from the underground parts of the plant by steam distillation, and its main components, namely, Z-ligustilide, butylidene phthalide, and p-cresol were isolated by column chromatography. The antifungal activities of the essential oils were evaluated by the broth dilution method. Both the total essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong and its components showed significant anti-Aspergillus activity against all five tested strains with MICs between 62.5 and 250 ${\mu}g$/ml, respectively. In a checkerboard microtiter assay, the combination of antibiotics, itraconazole with the essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong or its main components exhibited synergistic or additive, and in some cases indifferent, effects against the tested Aspergillus species, resulting in FICIs (fractional inhibiting concentration indices) ranging from 0.12 to 2, while the combination of antibiotics, amphothericin B with L. chuanxiong essential oils mostly showed antagonistic effects.