• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.373-380
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• 2008

So far there have been many researches on machine-based recognition of handwritten digit. But we have not yet attained the level of performance that can be satisfactory to men. The dissatisfaction with the performance of machine comes from not only the low accuracy of recognition but also the dissimilarity of the recognition results between man and machine. To reduce the difference of machine from man we first made an experiment with the human recognition of handwritten digits and then inquiry into the way of the human recognition that makes the results of men different from that of machine. We found out the attributes that play an important role in the human recognition process through the analysis of the experimental results like uni- and bi-directional confused pairs of digits, several ones unmixed up with another and the redundancy of mis-recognition, and proposed the approach direction to be able to improve the accuracy of the machine-based recognition, and furthermore the similarity in the recognition results of men and machine on the basis of the found facts above.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.505-525
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated how multiplication by 2-digit numbers had been taught in elementary mathematics textbooks of Korea, Japan, Singapore, and USA. As a result of analysis, we found as follows. Korean textbooks do not teach the multiplication by 10 and the multiplication by power of 10, but Japanese, Singapore, and US textbooks explicitly teach related content. In the '×tens' teaching, Japanese and American textbooks teach formally the law of association of multiplication applied in the process of calculating the partial product of multiplication. The standard multiplication algorithm generally followed a standard method of recording partial product result according to the law of distribution, but the differences were confirmed in the multiplication model, the teaching method of the law of distribution, and the notation of the last digit '0'. Based upon these results, we suggested some proposals for improving the multiplication teaching.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.314-328
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• 1997

A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to low-dose solvent on neurobehavioral performance of 48 male workers exposed to organic solvents. A control group of 50 workers was selected from same factories. Each worker completed a medical and occupational questionnaire and four tests of Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery. These included Benton visual retention test, digit symbol, digit span, and pursuit aiming. Comparison of mean performance showed a significantly poorer performance on digit symbol, digit span, and pursuit aiming. In univariate analysis, age contributed to poor performance on Benton visual retention test and educational level was found to reduce the performance on symbol digit in both groups. Amount of alcohol intake was found to reduce the performance on digit symbol and smoking appeared to slow pursuit aiming in the exposure group. In multiple regression analysis, controlling for age, educational level, alcohol, and smoking, Solvent exposure was found to be associated with performance of digit span, and number of correct dot of pursuit aiming. Age on Benton visual retention, educational level on digit symbol, arid smoking on pursuit aiming were found to be a significant factors on each test items. This study suggest that short-term memory, and perception can be affected easily by chronic exposure of organic solvents which air concentration levels were under the Threshold Limit Value.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2012

In this paper, a low area timing synchronization structure for the IEEE 802.11a OFDM MODEM SoC is proposed. The timing synchronization block of the IEEE 802.11a OFDM MODEM SoC requires large implementation area. In the proposed timing synchronization structure, it is shown that the number of multiplication can be reduced by using the transposed direct form filter. Furthermore, implementation area of the proposed structure can be more reduced using CSD(Canonic Signed Digit) and Common Sub-expression Sharing techniques. Through Verilog-HDL coding and synthesis, it is shown that the 22.7 % of implementation area can be reduced compared with the conventional one.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.533-538
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• 2007

A 16-year-old female mixed dog was submitted for examination at the pathology division of national veterinary research and quarantine service (NVRQS). Grossly, white or grayish spherical, multinodular, firm to friable masses were present in the tibiofibula to the pharenge area of the right limb, and dysphagia, breathing difficulties and tachypnea were shown. Various-sized white or grayish black masses were scattered in lungs and diaphragm and one mass was observed in the trachea and in the jejunum, respectively. Histopathologically, the neoplastic cells were composed of polygonal or spindle shaped cells with various sized round to oval nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. These cells formed lobules or nests separated by fine connective tissue and contained little amount of melanin pigments. Melanin pigments were stained dark gray or black with Fontana-Masson method. Melanosomes were also ultrastructurally demonstrable by electron microscopy. Based on above results, the present case was diagnosed as canine malignant melanoma originating from the lower limb and digit.

• Survey Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.55-69
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• 2008

In most telephone surveys in Korea, telephone numbers are selected from the directories. Inevitably, such samples may lack representativeness due to poor coverage rate. To resolve the problem, Kang et al.(2008) implemented RDD(random digit dialing) method for nationwide sampling in Korea. The aim of this study is to compare an RDD sample with a traditional telephone quota sample that were collected independently by two survey institutes commissioned by the KBS-MBC consortium for the 2007 Presidential Election of Korea.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 2004

Speaker identification system basically functions by comparing spectral energy of an individual production model with that of an input signal. This study aimed to develop a new speaker identification system from two parameters from the spectral energy of numeric sounds: difference sum and correlation coefficient. A narrow-band spectrogram yielded more stable spectral energy across time than a wide-band one. In this paper, we collected empirical data from four male speakers and tested the speaker identification system. The subjects produced 18 combinations of three-digit numeric. sounds !en times each. Five productions of each three-digit number were statistically averaged to make a model for each speaker. Then, the remaining five productions were tested on the system. Results showed that when the threshold for the absolute difference sum was set to 1200, all the speakers could not pass the system while everybody could pass if set to 2800. The minimum correlation coefficient to allow all to pass was 0.82 while the coefficient of 0.95 rejected all. Thus, both threshold levels can be adjusted to the need of speaker identification system, which is desirable for further study.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.69-73
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyse the skin of the Hand lesser yang in human. Methods: The Hand lesser yang meridian was labeled with latex in the body surface of the cadaver, subsequently dissecting a body among superficial fascia and muscular layer in order to observe internal structures. Results: This study has come to the conclusion that a depth of the skin has encompassed a common integument and a immediately below superficial fascia, and this study established the skin boundary with adjacent structures such as relative muscle, tendon as compass. The skin area of the Hand lesser yang in human is as follows: The skin close to the ulnar root angle of 4th finger nail, above between 4th and 5th metacarpal bone, between extensor digit. minimi tendon(t.) and extensor digit. t., extensor digit. m(muscle). at 2, 4, 7 cun above dorsal carpal striation, triceps brachii m. t., deltoid m., trapezius m., just around the ear, upper orbicularis oculi m. Conclusions: The skin area of the Hand lesser yang from anatomical viewpoint seems to be the skin area outside the superficial fascia or the muscle involved in the pathway of the Hand lesser yang meridian, the collateral meridian, the meridian muscle, with the condition that we consider adjacent skins.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.237-240
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• 1981

A nomenclature method for Korean fermented foods was developed in order to apply this to the international nomenclature system for fermented foods. It is made by a four digit number; the first digit indicates the major ingredient used, the second for fermentation method, the third for major type of microorganism, and the last digit for the type of consumption. Following the nomenclature number, a detailed description of product is given. Examples of application of the nomenclature system to Korean fermented foods are shown.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.43-51
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• 2004

An optical parallel modified signed-digit(MSD) number adder system is proposed by using triple rail-coding input patterns and serial arrangement method of symbolic substitution. By combing overlapped arithmetic results. which are produced by encoding MSD input as triple rail-coding patterns. into the same patterns, symbolic substitution rules are reduced and also by using serialized and space-shifted input patterns in optical experiments, the optical adder without space-shifting operation, NOR operation and threshold operation is implemented.