• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.270-277
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• 2018

This study was conducted to identify wood species of two printing woodblocks either from the Park clan's documentary or Ji-dang documentary of Songok clan of the Milseong Park, Songok, Gyeongju, Korea. Eighty-eight woodblocks out of the total 282 woodblocks were randomly selected to compare anatomical features for the identification of wood species, using a light microscope. As a result, seven wood species were identified, and all of them were diffuse-porous hardwood species. The most significant portion, i.e., 39.8% of wood species was Carpinus laxiflora Blume. Then, Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, Acer mono Maxim, Prunus sargentii Rehder, Tilia amurensis Rupr, Diospyros kaki Thunb, and Betula costata Trautv was 25.0%, 15.9%, 10.2%, 3.4%, 3.4% and 2.3%, respectively, indicating that all diffuse-porous hardwood species had been used for the woodblocks. It was believed that diffuse-porous hardwoods had been used because they provided an easy of engraving complex Chinese letters, of acquiring these wood species in Gyeongju areas, and a high resistance to repeated printing.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.8-15
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the dimensional stability of wood treated with PEG for better utilization of domestic small-diameter logs. Four species of ring- porous wood(Quercus mongolica F_ISCH, Quercus variabilis B_LUME, Fraxinus rhynchophylla H_ANCE, Paulownia coreana U_YEKI,) and four species of diffuse-porous wood(Prunus sargentii R_EHDER, Betula davurica P_ALL, Populus tomentiglandulosa T. L_EE, Cornus controversa H_EMSLEY) were used for this experiment. The shrinkage of wood decreased with increasing the concentration of PEG. The shrinkage of diffuse- porous woods was lower than that of ring-porous woods. The weight gain increased in proportional to the PEG concentration. Diffuse-porous woods showed a little higher weight gain than ring-porous woods. Bulking effect also increased with increasing the PEG concentration, but was in inverse proportional to the molecular weight of PEG. Diffuse-porous woods showed higher bulking effect than ring-porous woods. Consequently, diffuse-porous woods showed better dimensional stability than ring- porous woods. It was considered that dimensional stability was affected by characteristics of wood such as vessel and tylosis, and density.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1996

The frequency distribution diagrams of Korean diffuse-porous woods, 36 families, 75 genera, 145 species, 215 specimens in relation to habit and phenology were analyzed. As the habit character changes from shrub to tree, such quantitative features as vessel frequency, percentage of solitary vessels, length/diameter(L/D) ratio of vessel element decreased but tangential vessel diameter, fiber length/vessel element length(F/V) ratio increased. Qualitative features such as helical vessel wall thickening, diffuse distribution of longitudinal parenchyma, heterogeneous ray composition decreased, while alternate intervessel pits, libriform wood fiber, simple perforations increase. As the phenology character changes from evergreen to deciduous species, such quantitative features as percentage of solitary vessels, vessel element length and L/D ratio decreased but tangential vessel diameter, F/V ratio increased. Diffuse distribution of longitudinal parenchyma, heterogeneous ray composition, and crystals in qualitative features decreased, while alternate intervessel pits, libriform wood fiber, simple perforation of vessel element, ray width and ray height increased.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.26-36
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• 1994

The comparative wood anatomy of 1 species belonging to genus Myrica of Myricaceae, 9 species to genus Populus and 8 species to genus Salix of Salcaceae, occurring in Korea, was described and coded according to IAWA list(Wheeler, 1989). Myrica rubra. of Myricaceae is a typical diffuse-porous wood with numerous vessels per $mm^2$ and its pores are mainly angular in outline. Vessels scalariform perforation plates with a few bars, very small inter vessel pits; axial parenchyma abundant, diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregates which is distinct and easily observed on cross section; rays 1-3 seriate, Kribs' heterogeneous I or II types, frequently contains rhomboidal crystals; Dark pigmented substances included in some rays and axial parenchyma. Salicaceae, a typical diffuse porous wood, has mainly radial pore multiple, large intervessel pits, distinct alternate pits, simple perforation plates, ray-vessel pits with circular large pits, uniseriate rays, marginal parenchyma composed of 1-2 layers. In some species, ray parenchyma contain crystals. Populus and Salix wood can be distinguished from one another by the following characters. Pores of Populus woods almost angular in outline. Uniseriate homogeneous rays slightly higher than Salix and long linear on tangential section. Whereas Salix woods appear the pores almost oval, uniseriate heterogeneous rays, which are smular narrow fusiform on tangential section and lower in height than Populus.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the variations of dimension and exterior shape of vessel elements, morphology of spiral thickening and ray-vessel pit in korean diffuse-porous woods (56 species, 18 families), The tangential pore diameter and vessel element length was increased, whereas the pore number per unit area($1mm^2$) was decreased from pith outwards. The tangential pore diameter was decreased but the length of vessel element was not changed from earlywood to latewood within an annual ring. However, the dimensional variations of vessel element was not able to be recognized among relative positions in peripheral variation. The exterior shape of vessel element could be classified into four types; Type 1 is without tail, Type 2 with ligulate tail, Type 3 with broad taper tail and Type 4 with the very short length between perforations. The distribution frequency of Type 2 and 3 was relatively high in comparision with the others. According to the prominence, distribution position and branched shape, the spiral thickenings could be divided into five types. The spiral thickenings occurred 52% in the species observed. Thus it was doubtful to consider the simple presence of spiral thickening as diagnostic index in diffuse-porous woods. The morphology of ray-vessel pit could be grouped as reticulate, scalariform, oval, linear and coalescent type. Most of species examined showed oval and linear type.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.46-53
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• 1995

The anatomy of Korean diffuse-porous woods, 36 families, 75 genera, 145 species, 215 specimens was described and analyzed. Sixteen wood anatomical characters, habit and phenology factors were determined by simple correlation and principal component analysis. Strong positive correlations were found between vessel element length and fiber length, ray width and ray height, simple pits of fiber wall and paratracheal parenchyma distribution. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) disclose the primitive characteristics and the direction of xylem evolution of Korean diffuse-porous woods. The xylem evolution scenario for Korean dicotyledonous woods is considered to be developed in the direction of decreasing trends of vessel frequency, vessel element length, and length/diameter(L/D) ratio of vessel element but increasing trends of vessel diameter, fiber length/vessel element length(F/V) ratio, libriform wood fibers, simple perforation, and homogeneous ray composition. Increase of vessel diameter and decrease of vessel frequency seem to be related to the improvement of conductive efficiency, and increase of the vessel element length and occurrence of scalariform perforation in vessel element may be related to enhanced of conductive safety. Also the libriform wood fibers and ray features appear to have relationship with mechanical support and nutrient metabolism, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1988

Lespedeza species have been widely used not only as plant resources for bark, leaves and honey, but also as erosion control materials. This study was carried out to investigate the structural and wood tiber characteristics in order to obtain basic information for the utilization of the wood. The wood structure was investigated for 10 selected species and the wood fiber, for the 5 selected species among Lespedeza species distributed all over the country. The following results were obtained. In the cross section, campylotropis showed ray diffuse porous wood, L. bicolor, L. cyrtobotrya, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, diffuse porous wood, and L. tomentella, L. angustifolioides. L. maritima, L. robusta, L. patentibicolor, ring porous wood. The maximum diameter of a single vessel ranged 66-123 ${\mu}$ in all species. Campylotropis showed the most number of vessels, L. angustifolioides, the least. The number of ray per mm ranged 7-22, Campylotropis showed the most number of rays, L. angustifolioides, the least. In the radial section the average length of vessel ranged 121-250 ${\mu}$ in all species. L. thunbergii var. intermedia showed the longest vessel, L. tomentella, the shortest. In tangential section the average width of the uniseriate ray ranged 9.2-14.7${\mu}$, that of the multiseriate ray, 19.2-42.1 ${\mu}$. The average height of the uniseriate ray ranged 143.0-1162.0 ${\mu}$. The width of fiber ranged 10.12-13.61 ${\mu}$, L. maximowiezii showed the narrowest tiber, L. thunbergii var. intermedia. the widest, the thickness of fiber wall ranged 2.93-3.71 ${\mu}$ in the five species. L. maximowiezii showed the most thin fiber wall, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, the thickest, L. cyrtobotrya showed the difference in the size of fiber between the shade and the sunny sites but L. maximowiezii showed no difference. There was significant difference in fiber length, fiber width and wall thickness between L. eyrtobotrya and L. maximowiezii.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the wood properties for efficient utilization of warm temperate tree species. The tested species were Actinodaphne lancifolia Meisn. grown in Korea. Fundamental wood properties such as anatomical, physical and mechanical properties and chemical components were examined. This species was diffuse porous, straight grained and fine textured wood. The heartwoods of this species was not distinguished clearly to the sapwoods. This species had moderate specific gravity, shrinkage, and mechanical properties. And this species had high content of the extractives by organic solvent.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to know the safranine impregnation distance from surface to inward using 6 different hardwood species. During impregnation, 3 parameters were applied-vacuum, pressure and soaking time. Only vacuum treatment did not increase the permeability of wood. Vacuum followed by pressure increased the penetration depth of safranine in radial, tangential and longitudinal direction. Longitudinal penetration was found easy to impregnate. Comparing with radial and tangential direction, radial penetration was found easy. There was a striking difference among sapwood and heartwood permeability. Safranine input depth was found highest in diffused porous wood rather than in ring porous wood. At increased vacuum and pressure, safranine penetration was found easy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1998

This study was carried out to compare the characteristics of relative conductivity(RC) in the twenty-one deciduous broad-leaved species. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The RC ranged from $3.18{\times}10^{-15}$ to $1.23{\times}10^{-10}m^2$ in deciduous broad-leaved species, and appeared different values in various portions of a tree and species. 2. In eight diffuse-porous species, the ranges of average RC were $3.49{\times}10^{-13}$ to $6.35{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in stems. $4.89{\times}10^{-13}$ to $2.99{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in branches, and $1.33{\times}10^{-13}$ to $9.42{\times}10^{-12}m^2$ in junction part between stem and branch. In thirteen ring-porous species, the RCs were $7.14{\times}10^{-13}$ to $4.76{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in stems, $2.93{\times}10^{-13}$ to $3.91{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in branches, and $1.14{\times}10^{-13}$ to $9.20{\times}10^{-12}m^2$ in junction part. 3. The RC and diameter of stem have no interrelation in eight diffuse-porous species. The RC of stem increased with decreasing diameter of stem in eleven ring-porous species except Fraxinus mandshurica and Maackia amurensis. 4. In five deciduous broad-leaved species, the RC of 1-year-old shoots(the leader and adjacent laterals ) ranged from $4.87{\times}10^{-13}$ to $8.41{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in the leaders, and $7.93{\times}10^{-14}$ to $2.01{\times}10^{-11}m^2$ in the adjacent laterals. The RCs were much greater in the leaders than in the adjacent laterals because of the hydraulic dominance of the leader shoot.