• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

널리 음용되고 있는 녹차의 EGCG과 우리나라 국민의 상당수가 복용하고 있는 건강기능성 식품 성분인 글루코사민은 이전의 연구들을 통해서 지방세포의 분화를 억제하는데 효과가 있다고 보고되어왔다. 이 두 물질의 병합처리로 기대되어지는 지방세포에서의 adipogenesis 및 지방축적감소에 대한 상승효과는 검증된 바 없으며, 효과에 대한 cell cycle 차원에서의 접근은 없었다. 본 연구 결과에서 EGCG와 Glucosamine 6-phosphate는 adipogenesis 전사인자인 $PPAR{\gamma}$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, SREBP1에 대한 직접적인 발현 억제 뿐아니라, $PPAR{\gamma}$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, SREBP1와 매개된 FAS, ACSL1, LPL과 같은 adipogenic target 유전자의 발현 감소를 통하여 지방세포의 분화와 지방세포 내 지방축적을 감소시키는 효과를 나타냈다. 그리고 HSL과 perilipin의 발현조절을 통해 부분적인 lipolytic effet도 나타냈다. 또한 지방세포의 분화가 개시되는데 있어 중요한 DNA의 remodeling 과정인 mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) 과정 중 G0/G1 phase 단계에서 cell cycle 정지 유도와 그로인한 S phase 및 G2/M phase로 세포주기이행의 방해를 통해 지방세포가 분화되는 것은 억제하였다. 이러한 효과들은 EGCG 농도가 높아질수록, 그리고 EGCG를 단독으로 처리한경우보다 Glucosamine 6-phosphate와 병합하였을 때 효과적이었다. 따라서 EGCG 단독처리 및 glucosamine 6-phosphate와의 병합처리는 지방세포에서 adipogenesis와 adipogenic관련 유전자들의 발현 억제 및 MCE 단계의 cell cycle arrest를 통해 지방세포의 분화를 억제하고 지방축적을 감소시켜 항비만 효과를 나타냈으며, 이러한 효과는 두 성분의 병합처리에서 조금 더 효과적이었다고 할 수 있다. 비록 두 성분의 병합처리가 기대했던 만큼은 아니었으나 항비만 효과에 대한 상승효과가 있다고 볼 수 있다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.298-304
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• 1998

Retinoids are applied to not only cancer prevention but also cancer chemotherapy by stimulating differentiation of cells. We studied differentiation inducing effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) by studying proportion of high dense fractions of stem-like cells and the size of S phase fraction in cell cycle. From mammary organoids obtained from 7- to 8-week old F344 female rat mammary gland, we cultured rat mammary epithelial cells (RMEC) and treated physiological doses of $10^{-6}$, $10^{-7}$, and $10^{-8}$ M ATRA from the first day and then cultured for 4, 7, and 14 days. After that, immunostaining was performed using peanut agglutinin (PNA) and anti-Thy-1.1 monoclonal antibody (Thy-1.1) that can be used as markers of differentiation. We separated four different cell subpopulations by flow cytometry: cells negative to both reagents (B-), PNA-positive cells (PNA+), Thy-1.1-positive cells (Thy-1.1+), and cells positive to both reagents (B+). We observed continuous decreases of high dense fractions of stem-like cells (PNA+ subpopulations) for 14 days and as much decreases as high doses of ATRA, which were thought to be proportional to doses of ATRA. We labeled RMEC with bromodeoxyuridine and investigated cell cycle fractions that went through S phase. We observed a tendency of decrease of S phase fraction with time in culture, which, is thought to be related to continuous decreases of PNA+ subpopulations and inhibitory role of ATRA on cell cycle. These results suggest that physiological doses of ATRA could stimulate differentiation of RMEC and convert stem-like RMEC to differentiated cells in SFM for a relatively long period of 14 days.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.495-500
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• 1998

D-type G1 cyclins are known to be crucial for the progression of mitotic cell cycle in mammals. Although many studies have been performed to elucidate the roles of D-type cyclins, it is largely unknown whether D-type cyclins are directly involved in the regulation of meiotic germ cell development. In the present study, we examined the expression patterns of D-type cyclins (cyclin D1 and D3) during male germ cell development by northern blot and in situ Hybridization analyses. In the adult testes, we detected a 4.2 kb cyclin D1 mRNA and two different sizes (2.3 kb and 1.8 kb) of cyclinD3 mRNAs. The short form of the cyclin D3 transcript was testis-specific. Along with the testicular development, expression of cyclin D3 mRNA was increased whereas cyclin D1 mRNA was gradually decreased. in situ hybridization study also revealed that the expression of cyclin D3 was restricted to the postmeiotic germ cells. Furthermore, the 2.3 kb transcript was highly expressed in the round spermatids and decreased in the elongated spermatids/residual bodies, while the 1.8 kb transcript was expressed in elongated spermatids/residual bodies more abundantly. Sucrose-gradient separation of polysomal RNA fractions demonstrated that some portions of the 2.3 kb transcript are translationally active, while the 1.8 kb transcript is likely to be inactive. Taken together, the present data suggest a functional importance of cyclin D3 expression in the differentiated postmeiotic male germ cells.

• 미생물과산업
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.27-31
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• 1993

Certain bacterial species possess the capability of differentiation through several morphogenetic changes which enable them to adapt to certain internal and external stimuli(Losick and Shapiro 1984). Upon induction, cells of A. vinelandii undergo a morphological process which leads to the production of one cyst per cell (Sadoff, 1975). The cysts are considerably resistant to desiccation, which confers a survival advantages upon the organism(Socolofsky and Wyss 1962). Like other prokaryotic differentiations encystment provides a relatively simple model of cellular differentiation. Like in other differentiating bacteria, vegetative growth can be separated from differentiation. Furthermore, the differentiation cycle can be synchronized by specific inducer. There have been a great deal of morphological and physiological studies on this process. However, the mechanisms used to regulate cell differentiation can be clearly defined by careful genetic analysis of the process. Unfortunately, A. vinelandii has proven to be difficult for genetic analysis (Sadoff 1975). For example, it has been shown that a variety of metabolic mutants of Azotobacter speicies are difficult to isolate after mutagenesis with chemical mutagens or UV irradiation. Nevertheless recent advances in molecular genetics in Azotobacter species, especially in the nitrogen fixation research area, appear to be able to overcome this difficulty (Robinson et al. 1986; Kennedy et al. 1986).

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권12호
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• pp.646-651
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• 2020

Bone resorption is linked to bone formation via temporal and spatial coupling within the remodeling cycle. Several lines of evidence point to the critical role of coupling factors derived from pre-osteoclasts (POCs) during the regulation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). However, the role of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in BMMSCs is not completely understood. Herein, we demonstrate the role of POC-derived GDNF in regulating the migration and osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs. RNA sequencing revealed GDNF upregulation in POCs compared with monocytes/macrophages. Specifically, BMMSC migration was inhibited by a neutralizing antibody against GDNF in pre-osteoclast-conditioned medium (POC-CM), whereas treatment with a recombinant GDNF enhanced migration and osteogenic differentiation. In addition, POC-CM derived from GDNF knock-downed bone marrow macrophages suppressed BMMSC migration and osteogenic differentiation. SPP86, a small molecule inhibitor, inhibits BMMSC migration and osteogenic differentiation by targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, which is recruited by GDNF into the GFRα1 complex. Overall, this study highlights the role of POC-derived GDNF in BMMSC migration and osteogenic differentiation, suggesting that GDNF regulates bone metabolism.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3715-3721
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• 2015

Leukemia is a clonal disorder with blocked normal differentiation and cell death of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Traditional modalities with most used radiation and chemotherapy are nonspecific and toxic which cause adverse effects on normal cells. Differentiation inducing therapy forcing malignant cells to undergo terminal differentiation has been proven to be a promising strategy. However, there is still scarce of potent differentiation inducing agents. We show here that Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP), a major active component in Dong quai (Chinese Angelica sinensis), has potential differentiation inducing activity in human chronic erythro-megakaryoblastic leukemia K562 cells. MTT assays and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that ASP inhibited K562 cell proliferation and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. ASP also triggered K562 cells to undergo erythroid differentiaton as revealed by morphological changes, intensive benzidine staining and hemoglobin colorimetric reaction, as well as increased expression of glycophorin A (GPA) protein. ASP induced redistribution of STAT5 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Western blotting analysis further identified that ASP markedly sensitized K562 cells to exogenous erythropoietin (EPO) by activating EPO-induced JAK2/STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, thus augmenting the EPO-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. On the basis of these findings, we propose that ASP might be developed as a potential candidate for chronic myelogenous leukemia inducing differentiation treatment.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권7호통권87호
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• pp.976-982
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• 2007

본 연구는 분화 전단계인 C2C12 myoblast세포에 중요한 후천적 기작의 하나인 DNA 히스톤 단백질의 아세틸화를 조절하였을 때 일어나는 변화를 살펴본 결과, 히스톤 탈아세틸화 효소를 trichostatin A로서 억제시키자 C2C12 myoblast 세포가 smooth muscle로 분화하였다. 이는 immunofluorescentstaining을 통해 smooth muscle ${\alpha}-actin$의 발현 증가를 trishostatin A로 처리한 세포에서 관찰하였으며, DAPI 염색을 통해 대조군 세포와 비교하여 세포의 증식이 많이 억제됨을 관찰하였다. 또한 real-time PCR 결과는 smooth muscle ${\alpha}$-actin과 transgelin mRNA의 발현이 trichostatin A 처리군 세포에서 현저히 증가함을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 히스톤 단백질의 탈아세틸화 억제는 C2C12 myoblast 세포의 분화에 매우 중요한 역할을 하며, 또한 C2C12 myoblast 세포를 골격근인 다핵의 myotube로 분화시키지 않고, smooth muscle로 분화시킴을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 분명히 HDAC억제제 인 trichostatin A가 DNA 히스톤 단백질의 HDAC 효소에 의한 탈아세틸화를 강력히 억제하고, 이러한 HDAC효소의 억제는 세포주기에 있어서 증식과 분화를 조절하는 유전자들의 발현을 조절하였음을 시사한다. 이를 검증하기 위해 세포주기 조절인자인 p21과 cyclin Dl mRNA의 발현을 조사한 결과 세포를 증식단계로 진행하는데 있어서 필수적인 cdk 억제제인 p21 mRNA의 발현이 trichostatin A로 처리한 세포에서 현저히 증가함을 보였으며, 세포 증식을 유도하는 cyclin Dl mRNA의 발현은 trichostatin A를 처 리 한 후 24시간 후 유의하게 감소함을 보였는데 이는 trichostatin A가 세포증식을 억제하는 초기단계에서 cyclin Dl 유전자의 발현을 조절함을 보여준다. 향후 연구에서는 또 하나의 중요한 후천적 기작인 DNA 메틸화와 히스톤 아세틸화가 유전자 발현을 조절하는데 있어서 상호작용에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.70-70
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• 2003

The uterus undergoes dynamic changes during the cycle and displays many features typical of developmental process. In order to be prepared for implantation, endometrium undergoes predictable, sequential phases of proliferation and secretory changes. The uterus during estrus cycle synthesize a complex of signaling molecules with specific spatial and temporal modes of expression and which are critical for cell proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this investigation was to use cDNA microarrays to evaluate the expression of genes of rat uterus in estrus cycle. Animals were sacrificed on proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus. Differential gene expression profiles were revealed(growth-related c-myc reponsive protein RCL, heat shock 47-kDa protein (HSP47), cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide Vlc2 (COX6C2), calreticulin (CALR)). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to validate the relative expression pattern. Using this approach, we found several genes whose expression in rat uterus was altered with estrus cycle. Our long-term goal is to determine the role of these differentially expressed genes during estrus cycle. This study was supported by through the Biohealth Products Research Center(BPRC), Inje University.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2008

This study was designed to investigate the changes in the properties of the neuronal setm cells or progenitor cells associated with age-related decline in neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Active whole cells cycle marker Ki67 (a marker of whole cell cycle)-positive and S phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive. Neural stem cells gradually were reduced in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) in an age-dependant manner after birth (from P1 month to P1 year). The ratio of BrdUpositivecells/Ki67-positive cells was gradually enhanced in an age-dependent manner. The ratio of Ki67-positive cells/accu-mulating BrdU-positive cells at 3 hrs after BrdU injection was injected once a day for consecutive 5 days gradually decreased during ageing. TUNEL- and caspase 3 (apoptotic terminal caspase)-positive cells gradually decreased in the dentate SGZ during ageing and immunohistochemical findings of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were not changed during ageing. NeuN, a marker of mature neural cells, and BrdU-double positive cells gradually decreased in an age-dependent manner but differentiating ratio and survival rate of cells were not changed at 4 wks after BrdU injection once a day for consecutive 5 days. The number of BrdU-positive cells migrated from the hippocampal SGZ into granular layer and its migration speed was gradually declined during ageing. These results suggest that the adult neurogenesis in the mouse hippocampal DG gradually decrease through reducing proliferation of neural stem cells accompanying with cells cycle change and reduced cells migration rather than changes of differentiation.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2006

Ultrastructure of germ cell differentiation during supermatogenesis and the reproductive cycle in male Patinopecten yessoensis was studied by histological and cytological observations. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) in males rapidly increased and reached a maximum in April when seawater temperature gradually increased. Then the GSI gradually decreased from May through July when spawning occurred. Accordingly, monthly changes in the GSI in males coincided with testicular maturation and spawning periods. The sperm morphology of P. yessoensis belongs to the primitive type and showed general characteristics of external fertilization species. The head of the spermatozoon is approximately $3.50{\mu}m$ in length: the sperm nucleus and acrosome are approximately $2.90{\mu}m\;and\;0.60{\mu}m$ in length, respectively. The nuclear type of the spermatozoon is vase in shape, and the acrosome is cone type. The axoneme of the tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair of central microtubules in the center The satellite body (which is formed by the centriole) and four mitochondria appear in the middle piece of the spermatozoon. The spawning period was from April through July and the main spawning occurred from May to June when seawater temperatures gradually increased. The reproductive cycle of this species can be classified into five successive stages; early active stage (September to November), late active stage (October to March), ripe stage (February to August), spawning stage (April to July), and spent/inactive stage (July to November).