• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.218-225
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• 2010

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a useful technique to recover lower airway fluid and cells involved in many respiratory diseases. Miliary tuberculosis is potentially lethal, but the clinical manifestations are nonspecific and typical radiologic findings may not be seen until late in the course of disease. In addition, invasive procedures are often needed to confirm disease diagnosis. This study analyzed the cells and the T-lymphocyte subset in BAL fluid from patients with miliary tuberculosis to determine specific characteristics of BAL fluid that may help in the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis, using a less invasive procedure. Methods: On a retrospective basis, we enrolled 20 miliary tuberculosis patients; 12 patients were male and the mean patient age was $40.5{\pm}16.2$ years. We analyzed differential cell counts of BAL fluid and the T-lymphocyte subset of BAL fluid. Results: Total cells and lymphocytes were increased in number in the BAL fluid. The percentage of CD4+ Tlymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid were significantly decreased and the percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes was relatively higher. These findings were more prominent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the HIV-infected patients, the proportion of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BAL fluid than in peripheral blood. There were no significant differences between the BAL fluid and the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes subpopulation. Conclusion: BAL fluid in patients with miliary tuberculosis demonstrated lymphocytosis, a lower percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, a higher percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. These findings were more significant in HIV-infected subjects.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-31
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• 1984

The purposes of this dissertation are to demonstrate that DSC theromoanaytical methods of vulcanization can provide useful informations on the vulcanization characteristics of industrial formulations and also provides the potential basis for a rapid and complete method of sulfur and vulcanizing accelerator analysis for quality control. The influences of those factors such as heating rate, scan temperature, vucanizing accelerator's type and concentration upon vulcanization exotherm in NR and NBR compounds in the presence of vulcanizing accelerators such as TMTD,MBTS,DPG,TMTM,CBS, and MBT were evaluated by means of DSC. In order to examine the credibility in the DSC method, the same samples which were used for DSC method were studied to compare the DSC results with the ODR (Oscillating Disk Rheometer) data. The results obtained were as follows 1. In the DSC dynamic experiments, the observed enthalpy results from vulcanization depends upon the heating rate; In the range of 2 to $20^{\circ}C/min$ of heating rate, as the heating rate was increased the enthalpy change was also increased. However, over the heating rate of $30^{\circ}C/min$ it was observed that the enthalpy change was decreased as the heating rate was further increased. Without regard to the change of enthalpy, tremendous instantaneous heat evolving was observed in the range of high heating rates. 2. For the samples which are added with various vulcanizing accelerators, the activation energies of vulcanization were as follows; 3. Regarding to the influences of vulcanizining accelerator's types upon the characteristics of vulcanization exotherm, NR and NBR compounds in the presence of thiuramsulphide compounds type accelerators such as TMTD, TMTM, were exhibited sharper and higher vulclanization exotherm than others. From the resuts of DSC thermograms which was distributed in even shape in the broad temperature range, it was clearly shown that the guanidine compounds type accelerator such as DPG acts as a delayed acting accelerator. 4. In the comparison of DSC and ODR results, the dependency of temperature in the cure rate and the observed conversions show good agreements between two results. 5. In the same curatives, by the comparison of glass transition temperatures, it was possible to predict relative values of maximum torques. Consequently, from the present studies, it is shown that the DSC thermoanalytical method can provide an alternate new method for rapid and complete quality control analysis of rubber industry.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.553-566
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• 1997

Origin, behavior and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Deokpyeong area were investigated on the basis of major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry. Coaly metapelites of the Deokpyeong area are subdivided into grey phyllite, dark grey phyllite, coaly slate and black slate, which are interbedded along the Ogcheon Supergroup. The coaly slate had been mined for coal, but mining is closed. The coaly and black slates are lower contents of $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$, and higher contents of LOI, CaO, $Na_2O$ and BaO as compared with the phyllitic rocks. Rare earth elements are highly enriched in the coaly and black slate. Average compositions (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly and black slate are revealed as As=127, Ba=30,163, Cd=18, Cr=740, Cu=84, Mo=378, Pb=43, Sb=12, Se=44, U=144, V=8,147 and Zn=292, which are extremely high concentrations than those in the NASC compositions. Major elements (average enrichment index; 5.34) in the coaly metapelites are mostly depleted, excepting $P_2O_5$ and BaO, normalized by NASC. Rare earth elements (average enrichment index; 1.48) are enriched in the coaly slate. On the basis of NASC, minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly metapelites were strongly enriched of all the elements with the exception of Co, Cs, Ni and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in coaly metapelite is 31.51 (coaly slate; 51.94 and black slate; 15.46). Especially, enrichment index of potentially toxic elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, U, V and Zn) of the rock is 46.10 (grey phyllite; 7.15, dark grey phyllite; 4.77, coaly slate; 88.96 and black slate; 22.11). These coal formations were deposited in basin of boundary between terrestrial and marine environments deduced to carbon, sulfur (C/S=2.2 to 275.7), trace and rare earth elements characteristics. Irregular behavior and dispersion between major, minor and rare earth elements of those metapelites indicates a variable source materials, incomplete mixing of differential source and/or reequilibrium of diagenesis and metamorphism.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.164-175
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• 2011

Using natural electromagnetic (EM) fields at low frequencies, magnetotelluric (MT) surveys can investigate conductivity structures of the deep subsurface and thus are used to explore geothermal energy resources and investigate proper sites for not only geological $CO_2$ sequestration but also enhanced geothermal system (EGS). Moreover, marine MT data can be used for better interpretation of marine controlled-source EM data. In the interpretation of MT data, MT modeling schemes are important. This study improves a three dimensional (3D) MT modeling algorithm which uses edge finite elements. The algorithm computes magnetic fields by solving an integral form of Faraday's law of induction based on a finite difference (FD) strategy. However, the FD strategy limits the algorithm in computing vertical magnetic fields for a topographic model. The improved algorithm solves the differential form of Faraday's law of induction by making derivatives of electric fields, which are represented as a sum of basis functions multiplied by corresponding weightings. In numerical tests, vertical magnetic fields for topographic models using the improved algorithm overcome the limitation of the old algorithm. This study recomputes induction vectors and tippers for a 3D hill and valley model which were used for computation of the responses using the old algorithm.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 2006

Effects of dietary fat and tomato on immune functions were investigated using BALB/c mice. Sixty male BALB/c mice weighing 16-17g were divided into two dietary groups. Control group was fed experimental chow (AIN-76 purified diet) supplemented with saturated fat (beef tallow) and unsaturated fat (safflower oil) at 5% level (weight basis), while treatment group was fed chow added with 0.5% (dry matter basis) of tomato (moisture content 95%) for 10 weeks. Organ weights, delayed-type hypersensitivity test, plaque-forming cell test, agglutination test, differential white cell count, and histological examination were performed at 4th, 7th, and 10th week after dietary treatment. Weight of spleen and spleen index of tomato group increased with increasing experimental period. Thymus index of tomato group was significantly higher than that of control group at 7 and 10 weeks (p<0.05). In delayed hypersensitivity test at 4th, 7th, and 10th week after dietary treatment, tomato group showed more significant increase in footpad swelling reaction 24 hr after challenge than control group (p<0.05). In plaque-forming cell test, tomato group fed 7 weeks increased more significantly than control group, while no significant difference was found between two groups at 10 weeks. Agglutination test decreased with increasing experimental period; tomato group at 10 weeks was higher than control group in antibody response to SRBC. In tomato group, Iympocyte percentage was slightly higher than that of control group, and spleen tissue showed active immune reaction caused by severe proliferation of white pulp.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.472-484
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• 2008

The calibrated Andong Reservoir hydro-dynamic module (PART I) of the 2-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 [v3.2], was applied to examine the dynamics of total phosphorus, and chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentration within Andong Reservoir. The modeling effort was supported with the data collected in the field for a five year period. In general, the model achieved a good accuracy throughout the calibration period for both chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ and total phosphorus concentration. The greatest deviation in algal concentration occurred on $10^{th}$ October, starting at the layer just beneath the surface layer and extending up to the depth of 35 m. This deviation is principally attributed to the effect of temperature on the algal growth rate. Also, on the same date, the model over-predicts hypolimnion and epilimnion total phosphorus concentration but under-predicts the high concentrated plume in the metalimnion. The large amount of upwelling of finer suspended solid particles, and re-suspension of the sediments laden with phosphorus, are thought to have caused high concentration in the epilimnion and hypolimnion, respectively. Nevertheless, the model well reproduced the seasonal dynamics of both chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentration. Also, the model tracked the interflow of high phosphorus concentration plume brought by the turbid discharge during the Asian summer monsoon season. Two different hypothetical discharge scenarios (discharge from epilimnetic, and hypolimnetic layers) were analyzed to understand the response of total phosphorus interflow plume on the basis of differential discharge gate location. The simulated results showed that the hypolimnetic discharge gate operation ($103{\sim}113\;m$) was the most effective reservoir structural control method in quickly discharging the total phosphorus plume (decrease of in-reservoir concentration by 219% than present level).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2013

This paper deals with a novel method for numerical analyses of the tapered geometrical non-linear beam with three unknown parameters, subjected a floating point load. The beams with hinged-movable end constraint are chosen as the objective beam. Cross sections of the beam whose flexural rigidities are functionally varied with the axial coordinate. The first order simultaneous differential equations governing the elastica of such beam are derived on the basis of the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory. A novel numerical method for solving these equations is developed by using the iteration technique. The processes of the solution method are extensively discussed through a typical numerical example. For validating theories developed herein, laboratory scaled experiments are conducted.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5725-5728
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• 2012

Growing evidence shows that deregulation of the circadian clock plays an important role in the development of malignant tumors, including gliomas. However, the molecular mechanisms of gene chnages controlling circadian rhythm in glioma cells have not been explored. Using real time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry techniques, we examined the expression of two important clock genes, cry1 and cry2, in 69 gliomas. In this study, out of 69 gliomas, 38 were cry1-positive, and 51 were cry2-positive. The expression levels of cry1 and cry2 in glioma cells were significantly different from the surrounding non-glioma cells (P<0.01). The difference in the expression rate of cry1 and cry 2 in high-grade (grade III and IV) and low-grade (grade 1 and II) gliomas was non-significant (P>0.05) but there was a difference in the intensity of immunoactivity for cry 2 between high-grade gliomas and low-grade gliomas (r=-0.384, P=0.021). In this study, we found that the expression of cry1 and cry2 in glioma cells was much lower than in the surrounding non-glioma cells. Therefore, we suggest that disturbances in cry1 and cry2 expression may result in the disruption of the control of normal circadian rhythm, thus benefiting the survival of glioma cells. Differential expression of circadian clock genes in glioma and non-glioma cells may provide a molecular basis for the chemotherapy of gliomas.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

This study proposed the PHB mapping model for combining services with DiffServ in the MPLS network capable of high-speed switching, and the effective differential bandwidth service model in the MPLS network on the basis of the proposed mapping model. The result of simulation on the service model using PRI showed that the transmission rate was achieved as much as the assigned bandwidth regardless of the increase of traffic as far as the EF PHB did not exceed the assigned bandwidth at the peak rate when the overall traffic increased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.26-39
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• 2016

Korea's main manufacturing industries, which have led its economy for the past three decades, are faced with a serious downturn and loss of competitive advantages due to the current economic depression, China's rise, and the drop of oil prices. Korean business firms must adopt the paradigm shift in their value strategies, along with a government-led industrial restructuring in order to gain sustainable competitive advantages. Business firms allocate their limited resources between value creation and value appropriation, however, what effect does strategic emphasis on value creation versus value appropriation have on a business firm's financial performance? This paper empirically addresses this issue by examining the effect of shifts in strategic emphasis on stock return. Furthermore, this study examines appropriate choices of strategic emphasis to gain differential financial performance. The data set used in this regression analysis comes from the KISLINE database of NICE Information Service. The variables that form the basis of this analysis are stock return, ROA, and Strategic Emphasis [(advertising expenditures-R&D expenditures)/assets]. The interactive effect with situational factors regarding the firm and the type of technological environment in which the firm is operating was also analyzed. Our results show that investors acknowledge a shift of strategic emphasis as a sign of stock valuation. In comparison to US, Korean business firms have weak value creation capabilities in high-technology industries, and weak value appropriation capabilities in low-technology industries. This proves Korean firms are fast followers in the global market. Our findings suggest that Korean firms have to adopt a balanced value strategy, nurturing value creation and developing value appropriation for overcoming the current economic downturn and becoming a first mover in the dawn of "Industry 4.0."