• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2008

The Glu/$Asp^{7.32}$ residue in extracellular loop 3 of the mammalian type-I gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) interacts with $Arg^8$ of GnRH-I, conferring preferential ligand selectivity for GnRH-I over GnRH-II. Previously, we demonstrated that the residues (Ser and Pro) flanking Glu/$Asp^{7.32}$ also play a role in the differential agonist selectivity of mammalian and non-mammalian GnRHRs. In this study, we examined the differential antagonist selectivity of wild type and mutant GnRHRs in which the Ser and Pro residues were changed. Cetrorelix, a GnRH-I antagonist, and Trptorelix-2, a GnRH-II antagonist, exhibited high selectivity for mammalian type-I and non-mammalian GnRHRs, respectively. The inhibitory activities of the antagonists were dependent on agonist concentration and subtype. Rat GnRHR in which the Ser-Glu-Pro (SEP) motif was changed to Pro-Glu-Val (PEV) or Pro-Glu-Ser (PES) had increased sensitivity to Trptorelix-2 but decreased sensitivity to Cetrorelix. Mutant bullfrog GnRHR-1 with the SEP motif had the reverse antagonist selectivity, with reduced sensitivity to Trptorelix-2 but increased sensitivity to Cetrorelix. These findings indicate that the residues flanking $Glu^{7.32}$ are important for antagonist as well as agonist selectivity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2361-2368
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• 2015

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating between benign and malignant enlarged lymph nodes using meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Embase, SCI and Cochrane databases were searched for studies (up to September 1, 2014) reporting the diagnostic performance of CEUS in discriminating between benign and malignant lymph nodes. Inclusion criteria were: prospective study; histopathology as the reference standard; and sufficient data to construct $2{\times}2$ contingency tables. Methodological quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2). Patient clinical characteristics, sensitivity and specificity were extracted. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve was used to examine the accuracy of CEUS. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the clinical utility in identification of benign and malignant lymph nodes. Sensitivity analysis was performed after omitting outliers identified in a bivariate boxplot and publication bias was assessed with Egger testing. Results: The pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUROC were 0.92 (95%CI, 0.85-0.96), 0.91 (95%CI, 0.82-0.95) and 0.97 (95%CI, 0.95-0.98), respectively. After omitting 3 outlier studies, heterogeneity decreased. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated no disproportionate influences of individual studies. Publication bias was not significant. Conclusions: CEUS is a promising diagnostic modality in differentiating between benign and malignant lymph nodes and can potentially reduce unnecessary fine-needle aspiration biopsies of benign nodes.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5A
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• pp.255-266
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• 2012

Main cable of a suspension bridge is the important member which shows the overall structure integrity at bridge completion. Configuration of main cable is a free hanging state at cable erection completion and is different from that at bridge completion supporting the dead loads such as hanger, girder, and so on. Accordingly, the configuration control under cable erection is considerably significant because the configuration at cable erection completion has direct influence on that at bridge completion. That is performed by sag adjustments at center, side span and tension adjustments at anchor span. The former needs the sag sensitivity which represents the control quantity of strand length corresponding to that of sag. The latter requires the tension sensitivity which shows the change of strand tension according to that of strand temperature. In this study, the fundamental equations of cable were derived with the assumption of either catenary or parabola shape, the differential-related equations using chain rule on horizontal tension were drawn from those and finally the estimation methods of the sag / tension sensitivity were proposed from both those. The nonlinear numerical analysis flow charts of sag sensitivity based on the catenary equations were proposed and the sag sensitivities grounded on the differential-related equations were compared with the results using them for various parameters of sag change. Also, considering the combinations of sag change parameters, the calculation method of the final variation for the cable sag was suggested. For the real suspension bridge under construction with PPWS method, the sag/tension sensitivity were estimated considering the construction conditions like the change of PPWS length, PPWS temperature, bridge span, etc.. We hope that this study will be a systematic guideline for the configuration control under main cable erection and improved highly by field verification in the real bridge site.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.800-806
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• 2012

Transmission performances of direct detection-based 100-Gb/s modulation formats are investigated and compared for metro area optical networks. The effects of optical signal-to-noise ratio sensitivity, chromatic dispersion, cross-channel nonlinearity, and transmission distance on the performance of differential 8-ary phase-shift keying (D8PSK), differential phase-shift keying plus three-level amplitude-shift keying (DPSK+3ASK), and dual-carrier differential quaternary phase-shift keying (DC-DQPSK) are evaluated. The performance of coherent dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK) with block phase estimation and coherent DP-QPSK with digital differential detection are also presented for reference. According to our analysis, all three direct detection modulation formats could transmit a 100-Gb/s signal over several hundred kilometers of a single-mode fiber link. The results also show that DC-DQPSK outperforms D8PSK and DPSK+3ASK, and the performance of DC-DQPSK is comparable to that of coherent DP-QPSK with digital differential detection. The maximum transmission distance of DC-DQPSK is over 1,000 km, which is enough distance for metro applications.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

Power transformers are applied throughout the power system to connect systems of different voltage to one another. Since a ratio differential relay offers high sensitivity in detection of internal faults in power transformers, it is widely used in the main protection system. The use of nonlinear devices such as rectifiers and other devices utilizing solid state switching have been increased in industry during recent years. For nonlinear loads, the load current is not proportional to the instantaneous voltage. This situation creates harmonic distortion on the system. The harmonic could differential relay misoperation if not recognized. This paper aims at analyzing and probing into the influences of harmonics on a ratio differential relay for power transformer protection.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2007

This paper presents an INS(Inertial Navigation System) grade, surface micro-machined differential resonant accelerometer(DRXL) manufactured by an epitaxially grown thick poly silicon process. The proposed DRXL system generates a differential digital output upon an applied acceleration, in which frequency transition is measured due to gap dependent electrical stiffness change. To facilitate the resonance dynamics of the electromechanical system, the micromachined DRXL device is packaged by using the wafer level vacuum sealing process. To test the DRXL performance, a nonlinear self-oscillation loop is designed based on the extended describing function technique. The oscillation loop is implemented using discrete electronic elements including precision charge amplifier and hard feedback nonlinearity. The performance test of the DRXL system shows that the sensitivity of the accelerometer is 24 Hz/g and its long term bias stability is about 2 mg($1{\sigma}$) with dynamic range of ${\sigma}70g$.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07c
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• pp.1139-1141
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• 1999

A variable percentage current differential relaying algorithm is widely used for bus protection. However, it may maloperate in case of high-impedance internal faults and external faults with CT saturation and thus additional method to cope with CT saturation is necessary. This paper proposes a percentage current differential relaying algorithm for bus protection using a compensating algorithm of secondary current of CTs. As the proposed method compensates the distorted secondary currents of CTs it can improves the sensitivity of relays in a large current region and does not need any additional method for CT saturation.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.388-390
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• 1997

We describe the characteristic of LVI(Low-voltage Impulse) test system and methods to detect the deformation of windings in the power transformers. Any winding deformation will result in a change of capacitance between winding parts and possibly some change in the winding inductance. These changes will then result in a change in the responce to the applied pulse in both the magnitude and period of the resulting oscillations. A results of measured differential method in stead of typical method, the sensitivity is greatly improved by the use of differential methods where the pulse is applied to two identical windings and the response measured with a differential amplifier.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.30 no.5_6
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• pp.951-969
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose a class of meshless collocation approaches for the solution of time dependent partial differential algebraic equations (PDAEs) in terms of a radial basis function interpolation numerical scheme. Kansa's method and the Hermite collocation method (HCM) for PDAEs are given. A sensitivity analysis of the solutions from different shape parameter c is obtained by numerical experiments. With use of the random collocation points, we have obtain the more accurate solution by the methods than those by the finite difference method for the PDAEs with index-2, i.e, we avoid the influence from an index jump of PDAEs in some degree. Several numerical experiments show that the methods are efficient.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2081-2085
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• 2012

Background: To investigate the value of ultrasound elastography (UE) in the differentiation between benign and malignant enlarged cervical lymph nodes (LNs). Methods: B-mode ultrasound, power Doppler imaging and UE were examined to determine LN characteristics. Two kinds of methods, 4 scores of elastographic classification and a strain ratio (SR) were used to evaluate the ultrasound elastograms. Results: The cutoff point of SR had high utility in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant of cervical lymph nodes, with good sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Conclusion: UE is an important aid in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant cervical LNs.