• 수산경영론집
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2005

Korean fishery wage system has been evolved with the different titles. However, Since the law of fishing crew was enacted in 1984, the fishery wage system has been established as a rate system, which is a legal term. The present rate system in practice shows various contents and modalities, depending on fisheries and regions, but the fisheries of large trawl cooperative employ a rate system of fixed plus rate wage. However, such change did not transform basically the properties of pure rate scheme. As well known, fishing vessel owners face an awful lot of difficulty in managing and controlling effectively the production process because fishing activities are carried out in the seas remote from the land. Thus, it tend to be inevitable for vessel owners to employ a rate system to induce fishermen's positive motivation for promoting productivity and saving operating costs. However, the rate system has worked out as a driving force, which induce an increase in production more strongly under the expansion of vessel numbers and power and the keener competition of fishing activities. Even though the control mechanism of fishing instruments are well established, fishermen become naturally to have an incentive to increase their fishing effort for maximizing production since they are able to raise their shares by maximizing the quantity harvested. Thus, as far as the rate system exists, fisheries administration may have much difficulty in realizing its fishery management goals only through vessel reduction and fishing gear regulations. Also, under the rate system fishery management authority may be in face of a serious dilemma between the spontaneous rate system and vessel reduction policy. If the realistic aspect of the rate system is recognized and resource restoration and profit promotion are main policy goals, it is necessary to develop effective ways to control vessel owners' and fishermen's production-maximizing motives at an appropriate level. From this point of view, it seems reasonable to introduce TAC system by species or by fisheries into the existing fishery system. The research results suggest that if the fisheries administration could understand clearly the spontaneous fisheries wage system, it would know the norm of TAC and the basic reasons for illegal fishing activities and thus it would be able to develop and implement more realistic resource management policies.

• Mycobiology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.260-268
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• 2016

Regulation of alkaline-resistant laccase from Perenniporia tephropora KU-Alk4 was proved to be controlled by several factors. One important factor was the initial pH, which drove the fungus to produce different kinds of ligninolytic enzymes. P. tephropora KU-Alk4 could grow at pH 4.5, 7.0, and 8.0. The fungus produced laccase and MnP at pH 7.0, but only laccase at pH 8.0. The specific activity of laccase in the pH 8.0 culture was higher than that in the pH 7.0 culture. At pH 8.0, glucose was the best carbon source for laccase production but growth was better with lactose. Low concentrations of glucose at 0.1% to 1.0% enhanced laccase production, while concentrations over 1% gave contradictory results. Veratryl alcohol induced the production of laccase. A trace concentration of copper ions was required for laccase production. Biomass increased with an increasing rate of aeration of shaking flasks from 100 to 140 rpm; however, shaking at over 120 rpm decreased laccase quantity. Highest amount of laccase produced by KU-Alk4, 360 U/mL, was at pH 8.0 with 1% glucose and 0.2 mM copper sulfate, unshaken for the first 3 days, followed by addition of 0.85 mM veratryl alcohol and shaking at 120 rpm. The crude enzyme was significantly stable in alkaline pH 8.0~10.0 for 24 hr. After treating the pulp mill effluent with the KU-Alk4 system for 3 days, pH decreased from 9.6 to 6.8, with reduction of color and chemical oxygen demand at 83.2% and 81%, respectively. Laccase was detectable during the biotreatment process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.882-889
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• 2021

In order to use an enzyme industrially, it is necessary to increase the activity of the enzyme and optimize the reaction characteristics through molecular evolution techniques. We used the error-prone PCR method to improve the reaction characteristics of LipCA lipase discovered in Antarctic Croceibacter atlanticus. Recombinant Escherichia coli colonies showing large halo zones were selected in tributyrin-containing medium. The lipase activity of one mutant strain (M3-1) was significantly increased, compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. M3-1 strain produced about three times more lipase enzyme than did WT strain. After confirming the nucleotide sequence of the M3-1 gene to be different from that of the WT gene by four bases (73, 381, 756, and 822), the secondary structures of WT and M3-1 mRNA were predicted and compared by RNAfold web program. Compared to the mean free energy (MFE) of WT mRNA, that of M3-1 mRNA was lowered by 4.4 kcal/mol, and the MFE value was significantly lowered by mutations of bases 73 and 756. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to find out which of the four base mutations actually affected the enzyme expression level. Among them, one mutant enzyme production decreased as WT enzyme production when the base 73 was changed (T→ C). These results show that one base change at position 73 can significantly affect protein expression level, and demonstrate that changing the mRNA sequence can increase the stability of mRNA, and can increase the production of foreign protein in E. coli.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.791-803
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• 2022

Genome/gene-editing (GE) techniques, characterized by a low technological barrier, high efficiency, and broad application among organisms, are now being employed not only in medical science but also in agriculture/veterinary science. Different engineered CRISPR/Cas9s have been identified to expand the application of this technology. In pig production, GE is a precise new breeding technology (NBT), and promising outcomes in improving economic traits, such as growth, lean or healthy meat production, animal welfare, and disease resistance, have already been documented and reviewed. These promising achievements in porcine gene editing, including the Myostatin gene knockout (KO) in indigenous breeds to improve lean meat production, the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene knock-in to enhance piglet thermogenesis and survival under cold stress, the generation of GGTA1 and CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene double KO (dKO) pigs to produce healthy red meat, and the KO or deletion of exon 7 of the CD163 gene to confer resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection, are described in the present article. Other related approaches for such purposes are also discussed. The current trend of global regulations or legislation for GE organisms is that they are exempted from classification as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) if no exogenes are integrated into the genome, according to product-based and not process-based methods. Moreover, an updated case study in the EU showed that current GMO legislation is not fit for purpose in term of NBTs, which contribute to the objectives of the EU's Green Deal and biodiversity strategies and even meet the United Nations' sustainable development goals for a more resilient and sustainable agri-food system. The GE pigs generated via NBT will be exempted from classification as GMOs, and their global valorization and commercialization can be foreseen.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1494-1500
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• 2012

Fermentation with filamentous fungi in a bioreactor is a complex dynamic process that is affected by flow conditions and the evolution of the rheological properties of the medium. These properties are mainly affected by the biomass concentration and the morphology of the fungus. In this work, the rheological properties of a fermentation with the fungus Beauveria bassiana under different hydrodynamic conditions were studied and the rheological behavior of this broth was simulated through a mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and cellulose fibers (CMCNa-SF). The bioreactor was a 10 L CSTR tank operated at different stir velocities. Rheological results were similar at 100 and 300 rpm for both systems. However, there was a significant increase in the viscosity accompanied by a change in the consistence index, calculated according to the power law model, for both systems at 800 rpm. The systems exhibited shear-thinning behavior at all stir velocities, which was determined with the power law model. The mixing time was observed to increase as the cellulose content in the system increased and, consequently, the efficiency of mixing diminished. These results are thought to be due to the rheological and morphological similarities of the two fungal systems. These results will help in the optimization of scale-up production of these fungi.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

Common methods for large scale hydrogen production, such as steam reforming and coal gasification, also involve production of carbonaceous gases. It is therefore necessary to handle process gas streams involving various mixtures of hydrocarbons, $H_2$, $H_2O$, CO and $CO_2$ at moderate to high temperatures. These gases pose a variety of corrosion threats to the alloys used in plant construction. Carbon is a particularly aggressive corrodent, leading to carburisation and, at high carbon activities, to metal dusting. The behaviour of commercial heat resisting alloys 602CA and 800, together with that of 304 stainless steel, was studied during thermal cycling in $CO/CO_2$ at $650-750^{\circ}C$, and also in $CO/H_2/H_2O$ at $680^{\circ}C$. Thermal cycling caused repeated scale separation, which accelerated chromium depletion from the alloy subsurface regions. The $CO/H_2/H_2O$ gas, with $a_C=2.9$ and $p(O_2)=5\times10^{-23}$ atm, caused relatively rapid metal dusting, accompanied by some internal carburisation. In contrast, the $CO/CO_2$ gas, with $a_C=7$ and $p(O_2)=10^{-23}-10^{-24}$ atm caused internal precipitation in all three alloys, but no dusting. Inward diffusion of oxygen led to in situ oxidation of internal carbides. The very different reaction morphologies produced by the two gas mixtures are discussed in terms of competing gas-alloy reaction steps.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Nowadays, the use of apparel CAD system is important to the mass production of ready to wear Especially, computer-based grading is the most important process to improve the fitness of clothes and to reduce the time needed to make patterns of several sizes. The purpose of this study was to suggest a standard sizing system for junior-high school girls' lower clothes and to suggest a grading method according to the sizing systems. The subjects were 402 junior-high school girls of 13 to 15 year's-old. The size intervals of waist girth and hip girth were 3㎝ and 4㎝ respectively. The sizing system, which had frequencies more than 4.5%, was classified 8 cases. For regular grading, two types of group were classified into 58-82/61-86/64-90/67-94 and 61-82/64-86/67-90/70-94. Among them, 61-86 and 64-86 size were adopted the basic size for the development of grading. According to the sizing system, hand-made patterns were manufactured. By measure of the each part of the slacks, new grading rule patterns were developed by each size. A new grading rule was different from the Moonwha grading rule. This result will contribute to clothing fitness of consumer and the amount of production.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.91-108
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• 2003

So far, we have pursued only convenient and efficient growth of economy, as a result, environment surrounding us has been destroyed and the rights of our existence gotten to be even threatened. We need to ensure our lives and at the same time, need a power with which agriculture undertakes global circulation structure and a power that is able to preserve our environment we live per so. Therefore, in the near future, the final objectives of agriculture structure for 21st century would be to increase productivity of highly developed agricultural products in accordance with the ecosystem and a recycling agriculture. What is a recycling agriculture\ulcorner In the narrow sense, it means provisions-producing- system related to interactive recycle of material among forestry, livestock husbandry and seeding agriculture. In the broad sense, it means to produce credible agricultural product by keeping balanced resources via conversion to complete degradable material of organic wastes produce within rural village. Based on this concept, finally, our goal is to construct the resources recycling community. Environment friendly agriculture ⇒ organic agriculture ⇒ recycling (circulation) agriculture ⇒ construction of community with resources recycling. Therefore, in order to construct recycling agriculture, most of all, it is considered that the following, it should be established reasonable standard amounts for fertilizer, manure and liquid fertilizer based on results of soil test by each region, nature-recycling form of crops production and livestock production systems by maximizing utilization of different recycling byproducts occurring in the crop producing process by each region.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2011

The negative fishery factors from an environmental perspective are greenhouse gas emissions due to high fossil fuel use, destruction of underwater ecosystems by bottom trawls, a reduction in resources by fishing, and damage to ecosystem diversity. In particular, the greenhouse gas emissions from fisheries is an important issue based on the Cancun meeting in Mexico in 1992 and the Kyoto protocol in 2005. However, no investigations on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been conducted. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the Korean fishery industry is needed as a first step to identify a method to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of GHG emitted from fisheries. Here, we calculated the GHG emissions from four main Korean fisheries(i.e., large trawls, large purse seines, Danish seines, and bottom pair trawls) using the life cycle assessment(LCA) method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level were defined for LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficient of each fishery was also calculated. The GHG emissions from edible seafood were calculated considering different consuming areas. The results will be helpful to understand GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.

• BMB Reports
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1997

In this study, during the activation of neutrophil responses by sodium fluoride. involvement of protein tyrosine kinase was studied. Respiratory burst lysosomal enzyme release and elevation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$stimulated by sodium fluoride in neutrophils were inhibited by protein kinase inhibitors, genistein and tyrphostin. The inhibitory effect of genistein and tyrphostin on superoxide and $H_{2}O_{2}$ production was less than that of protein kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine and H-7. Staurosporine and H-7 had little or no effect on the release of myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase stimulated by sodium fluoride. EGTA and verapamil inhibited the elevation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ evoked by sodium fluoride. The inhibitory effect of staurosporine on the elevation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was less than that of genistein. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated superoxide production, which is sensitive to staurosporine, was further enhanced by genistein, whereas the stimulatory action of PMA on myeloperoxidase release was inhibited by genistein. A pretreatment of neutrophils with PMA signifcantly attenuated sodium fluoride-evoked elevation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ These results suggest that protein tyrosine kinase may be involved in the activation process of neutrophil responses due to direct stimulation of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins. In neutrophil responses, PMA-stimulated neutrophils appear to show a different type of inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase.