• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate that the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on pro- and macro-glycogen utilization and resynthesis. The analyses were further extended for different muscle fibers (type I, type II, & type IIb) as well as tissues (i.e., liver & heart). Total one hundred sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and rats were randomly allocated into four experimental groups: animals fed standard chow diet (n=40), animals fed saturated fatty acid diet (n=40), animals fed monounsaturated fatty acid (n=40), and animals fed polyunsaturated fatty acid (n=40). Animals in each groups were further divided into five subgroups: sacrificed at REST (n=8), sacrificed at immediately after 3 hr swim exercise (P-0HR, n=8), sacrificed at one hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-1HR, n=8), sacrificed at four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-4HR, n=8), and sacrificed at twenty-four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-24HR, n=8). Soleus (type I), red gastrocnemius (type IIa), white gastrocnemius (type IIb), liver, and heart were dissected out at appropriated time point from all animals, and were used for analyses of pro- & macro-glycogen concentrations. After 8 weeks of dietary interventions, there was no significant difference in body mass in any of dietary conditions (p>.05). After 3 hr swim exercise, blood lactate level was higher compared to resting conditions in all groups, but it was returned to resting value after 1 hr rest (p<.05). Free fatty acid concentration was higher in all high fat fed groups(regardless of fatty acid composition) than CHOW consumed group. At rest, pro- & macro-glycogen concentration was not different from any of experimental groups (p>.05). Regardless of forms of glycogen, the highest level was observed in liver (p<.01), and most cases of supercompensation after 3hr exercise observed in this study were occurred in CHOW fed tissues. Except heart muscle, all tissues used in this study showed that pro- and macro-glycogen concentration was significantly decreased after 3 hr exercise. Based on these results, two conclusions were made: first, there is no different level of glycogen content in various tissues regardless of types of fatty acids consumed and second, the highest mobilization rate would be demonstrated from CHOW fed animals compare to animals that consumed any kinds of fatty acid diet if prolonged exercise is applied.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.99-114
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• 2009

This study examined the optimal cooking condition for surimi-like material (SLM) derived from porcine semimembranosus (SM) muscle and the effects of the various cooking temperatures and the cooking time on the gel properties. The most noticeable change that occurred during the preparation of the SLM from the SM was the reduction in the fat content (about 1%) during the washing procedures. The hardness and gel strength value were increased significantly as the cooking temperature was increased by $75^{\circ}C$ for 20 min (p<0.05). The SLMG cooked above $75^{\circ}C$ had a significantly higher WHC than the SLMG cooked below $75^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). The gelling property of SLMG was effected for different conditions of cooking time and temperatures by the result of SDS-PAGE. After 20 min cooking, some enzyme bands including phosphorylase disappeared. The loss of these bands (about 46 kDa and 60 kDa) was observed after 20 min of cooking time. The photographs of microscopy showed that the filaments of myofibrils did not disappear after a cooking time of 15 min, and that the gaps between the fibers or filament were close. A significant change in the fibers and filaments occurred from 30 min to 35 min of cooking time, and the gradual coagulation of the structure of the SLM was observed with cooking time increased. These results suggest that a desirable surimi gel could be obtained from pork by cooking at $75^{\circ}C$ for 25 min.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.602-614
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• 2023

Purpose: The balance between synthesis and degradation of proteins plays a critical role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been closely associated with skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, cancer, and chemotherapy. Polygalacin D is a saponin derivative isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. This study aimed to investigate the effects of polygalacin D on myoblast differentiation and muscle atrophy in association with mitochondrial function in in vitro and in zebrafish models in vivo. Methods: C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in differentiation media containing different concentrations of polygalacin D, followed by the immunostaining of the myotubes with myosin heavy chain (MHC). The mRNA expression of markers related to myogenesis, muscle atrophy, and mitochondrial function was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Wild type AB^* zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were treated with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) with or without polygalacin D, and immunostained to detect slow and fast types of muscle fibers. The Tg(Xla.Eef1a1:mitoEGFP) zebrafish expressing mitochondria-targeted green fluorescent protein was used to monitor mitochondrial morphology. Results: The exposure of C2C12 myotubes to 0.1 ng/mL of polygalacin D increased the formation of MHC-positive multinucleated myotubes (≥ 8 nuclei) compared with the control. Polygalacin D significantly increased the expression of MHC isoforms (Myh1, Myh2, Myh4, and Myh7) involved in myoblast differentiation while it decreased the expression of atrophic markers including muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)2, and Smad3. In addition, polygalacin D promoted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (Pgc1α) expression and reduced the level of mitochondrial fission regulators such as dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission 1 (Fis1). In a zebrafish model of FOLFIRI-induced muscle atrophy, polygalacin D improved not only mitochondrial dysfunction but also slow and fast muscle fiber atrophy. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that polygalacin D promotes myogenesis and alleviates chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy by improving mitochondrial function. Thus, polygalacin D could be useful as nutrition support to prevent and ameliorate muscle wasting and weakness.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1992 no.05
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• pp.27-47
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• 1992

Engineers have developed new instruments that aid in diagnosis and therapy Ultrasonic imaging has provided a nondamaging method of imaging internal organs. A complex transducer emits ultrasonic waves at many angles and reconstructs a map of internal anatomy and also velocities of blood in vessels. Fast computed tomography permits reconstruction of the 3-dimensional anatomy and perfusion of the heart at 20-Hz rates. Positron emission tomography uses certain isotopes that produce positrons that react with electrons to simultaneously emit two gamma rays in opposite directions. It locates the region of origin by using a ring of discrete scintillation detectors, each in electronic coincidence with an opposing detector. In magnetic resonance imaging, the patient is placed in a very strong magnetic field. The precessing of the hydrogen atoms is perturbed by an interrogating field to yield two-dimensional images of soft tissue having exceptional clarity. As an alternative to radiology image processing, film archiving, and retrieval, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are being implemented. Images from computed radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasound are digitized, transmitted, and stored in computers for retrieval at distributed work stations. In electrical impedance tomography, electrodes are placed around the thorax. 50-kHz current is injected between two electrodes and voltages are measured on all other electrodes. A computer processes the data to yield an image of the resistivity of a 2-dimensional slice of the thorax. During fetal monitoring, a corkscrew electrode is screwed into the fetal scalp to measure the fetal electrocardiogram. Correlations with uterine contractions yield information on the status of the fetus during delivery To measure cardiac output by thermodilution, cold saline is injected into the right atrium. A thermistor in the right pulmonary artery yields temperature measurements, from which we can calculate cardiac output. In impedance cardiography, we measure the changes in electrical impedance as the heart ejects blood into the arteries. Motion artifacts are large, so signal averaging is useful during monitoring. An intraarterial blood gas monitoring system permits monitoring in real time. Light is sent down optical fibers inserted into the radial artery, where it is absorbed by dyes, which reemit the light at a different wavelength. The emitted light travels up optical fibers where an external instrument determines O2, CO2, and pH. Therapeutic devices include the electrosurgical unit. A high-frequency electric arc is drawn between the knife and the tissue. The arc cuts and the heat coagulates, thus preventing blood loss. Hyperthermia has demonstrated antitumor effects in patients in whom all conventional modes of therapy have failed. Methods of raising tumor temperature include focused ultrasound, radio-frequency power through needles, or microwaves. When the heart stops pumping, we use the defibrillator to restore normal pumping. A brief, high-current pulse through the heart synchronizes all cardiac fibers to restore normal rhythm. When the cardiac rhythm is too slow, we implant the cardiac pacemaker. An electrode within the heart stimulates the cardiac muscle to contract at the normal rate. When the cardiac valves are narrowed or leak, we implant an artificial valve. Silicone rubber and Teflon are used for biocompatibility. Artificial hearts powered by pneumatic hoses have been implanted in humans. However, the quality of life gradually degrades, and death ensues. When kidney stones develop, lithotripsy is used. A spark creates a pressure wave, which is focused on the stone and fragments it. The pieces pass out normally. When kidneys fail, the blood is cleansed during hemodialysis. Urea passes through a porous membrane to a dialysate bath to lower its concentration in the blood. The blind are able to read by scanning the Optacon with their fingertips. A camera scans letters and converts them to an array of vibrating pins. The deaf are able to hear using a cochlear implant. A microphone detects sound and divides it into frequency bands. 22 electrodes within the cochlea stimulate the acoustic the acoustic nerve to provide sound patterns. For those who have lost muscle function in the limbs, researchers are implanting electrodes to stimulate the muscle. Sensors in the legs and arms feed back signals to a computer that coordinates the stimulators to provide limb motion. For those with high spinal cord injury, a puff and sip switch can control a computer and permit the disabled person operate the computer and communicate with the outside world.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.71-84
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• 2021

This study aimed to determine the effects of breed on meat quality characteristics of porcine Boston butt muscles (M. subscapularis) from three different pig breeds: Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc (LYD), Berkshire, and Ibérico available in Korean market. Ibérico showed significantly higher fat content, yellowness (CIE b⁎), cooking loss, and lower shear force values than LYD and Berkshire. Moreover, the contents of oleic acid (18:1) and palmitic acid (16:0) were significantly higher in Ibérico breed, but stearic acid (18:0) was higher in LYD. As linoleic acid (18:2) and arachidonic acid (20:4) were higher in Berkshire sows as compared to the other breeds, atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes were significantly lower in Berkshire sow. Ibérico had lower the ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids ratio, and higher taurine and free amino acids compared with the others. Ibérico also showed significantly greater lipid oxidation, lower antioxidant capacity, and higher hypoxanthine contents, whereas the Berkshire had higher inosine-5'-monophosphate and lower K-index value as compared to the Ibérico. The breed did not impart any significant effect on the size and density of muscle fibers. Thus, quality characteristics of Boston butt varied from breed to breed, and certain consumer preferences for Ibérico can be explained, in part, by the unique quality characteristics imparted by higher contents of intramuscular fat, oleic acid, and free amino acids.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1999

The effects of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia on utilization of muscle glycogen during 45 minute Session of treadmill running(26 m/min, 8% grade) were evaluated using Sprague Dawley rats, and the characteristics of the 4 different type of muscles, I.e., soleus, white and red gastrocnemius, and plantaris, on glycogen utilization were simultaneously investigated. Hyperglycemia was induced by 145-165 mg/dL of oral glucose administration, and hyperlipidemia was induced by combined treatment of intraperitoneal heparine injection of 444 uEq/L and 10 % intralipose oral adminstration. During the hyperglycemic trial, the glycogen utilization of plantaris muscle was decreased by 13 % in 45 minute session of treadmill running compared to the control trial(p<0.05), and the glycogen utilization of white gastrocnemius was also decreased. The sparing tendency of glycogen was observed in soleus and red gastrocnemius by 5-13 % during 30 and 45 minute session of treadmill running in hyperglycemic trial. There was no glycogen sparing effect of hyperlipidemia in soleus, red gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle subjected in this experiment during exercise. However, only a slight sparing tendency of white gastrocnemius muscle was observed. In summary, the glycogen sparing effect of hyperglycemia during exercise was observed in plantaris and white gastrocnemius muscles in rats. However, there was no glycogen sparing effect of hyperlipidemia in the 4 hindlimb muscles. It was observed that the glycogen sparing effect of hyperglycemia is more prominent in fast glycolytic muscle fibers.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2005

Histological observations on the barbels of catfish (Siluridae) in Korea are reported. The mandibular barbel of Far Eastern catfish, Silurus asotus, has epidermis and dermis surrounding an axial rod of cartilage. The stratified epidermis embodies mucous cells, club cells, and taste buds. The mucous cells, which are thin rims of basophilic cytoplasm, and the taste buds, which are basophilic, are located at the surface and the distal portion of the epidermis, respectively. The basement membrane lies between the epidermis and dermis except in places of dermal papillae. The dermis is made up of loose connective tissue fibers enclosing nerve bundles and blood vessels. The central region of cartilage is innermost and enclosed within muscle layers. The mandibular barbel of slender catfish, S. microdorsalis, has an identical structure to those of the Far Eastern catfish however, the percentage thickness of epidermis in the upper and lower parts of the barbel and the number of taste buds in the upper and middle parts of the barbel are different from those of Far Eastern catfish. This study shows that the mandibular barbels in Far Eastern catfish and slender catfish are of a stiff and flexible type.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 1972

This experiment was designed to explore specific functional relationship between the vestibular canals and the extraocular oblique muscles by observing the isometric tension responeses of the muscles to the selected vestibular canal excitation. The vestibular excitation was simulated by either stimulation of the individual canal nerve or endolymphatic fluid displacement in each canal. Each canal nerve was subjected to square wave pulses with a monopolar wire electrode placed closely to the ampullary nerve endings for electrical stimulation, and a fine stainless cannula was introduced into the each canal toward the ampulla and a minute amount $(0.5{\sim}3.5\;microliter)$ of fluid was injected in or ejected out by means of a microsyringe connected to the cannula to produce ampullopetal or ampullofugal displacement of endolymphatic fluid. The superior oblique muscle was contracted by the excitation of homolateral canals and was relaxed by contralateral canals. On the contrary, the inferior oblique was contracted by the contralateral canals and was relaxed by the homolateral canals. Summation of excitatory and inhibitory canal effects from the bilateral vestibular system was demonstrable on the tension changes of the oblique muscles. Excitation of either dual or triple canals of the unilateral vestibular system also caused summation effect on the tension response of the oblique pair; thus multiple signals from the different ampullary receptors seems to be converged into the relevant ocular motor muclei. Since the superior and inferior obliques are known to receive their motor fibers from the contralateral trochlear nuclei and intermediate nuclei of the homolateral oculomotor complex respectively, the above experimental evidences indicate that the ocular motor nuclei for oblique muscles receive excitatory signals from the contralateral vestibular canals and inhibitory signals from the homolateral canals.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.20-28
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• 2012

The lumbar multifidus muscle, which can be separated into deep fascicles (DM) and superficial fascicles (SM), is important for lumbar segmental stability. However, no previous studies have investigated the effect of lumbar stabilization exercises on the thickness of DM and SM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess DM thickness after three different lumbar segmental stabilization exercises. In total, 30 healthy male participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups: hollowing in the quadruped position (H-Quad), contralateral arm and leg lift (CALL), and bilateral arm and leg lift (BALL). Each lumbar segmental stabilization exercise was conducted over 4 weeks. Ultrasonography was used to compare the DM and SM thickness before and after the 4 weeks of exercise. A mixed-model analysis of variance using Scheffe's post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed a significant effect for the measurement time (before vs. after 4 weeks of exercise) in the DM (F=31.26, p<.05) and SM (F=4.56, p<.05). At the end of the 4 weeks, the DM thickness had increased significantly in the H-Quad exercise group, and the SM thickness had increased significantly in the CALL and BALL exercise groups. Also in the BALL exercise group, the SM thickness was greater compared with that in the H-Quad exercise group. These findings suggest that the thickness of the DM and SM were increased by different types of lumbar segmental stability exercise after 4 weeks.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.227-232
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• 1985

Previously, we had reported that the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve with stimlatory parameters of 20 V strength and 2 Hz frequency for 60 min resulted in reducing the pain reaction. The present study was performed to evaluate if the pain reaction was affected by the peripheral nerve stimulation with different stimulatory parameters in the decerebrated cat. The flexion reflex was used as an index of the pain reaction. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve (stimulus strength of 20 $V\;\times\;0.5$msec) and recorded as a compound action potential from the motor nerve innervated to the posterior biceps femoris muscle. The common perneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve on which the electrical stimulation of various intensities and frequencies was applied. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The peripheral nerve stimulation with 100 mV strength, regardless of frequencies, did not affect the pain reaction induced by the sural nerve stimulation. 2) When the stimulus of 1V intensity and slow frequency (2 Hz) was applied to the peripheral nerve for 30 min or 60 min, the pain reaction was significantly reduced comparing to the control. However, this reduced pain reaction by the peripheral nerve stimulation was not reversed by the injection of naloxone (0.02 mg/kg) 3) High frequency stimulus (60 Hz) of 1V intensity for 30 or 60 min did not show any effects of affecting the pain reaction. These results suggest that the stimulus of relatively high intensity (at least 1V) and low frequency (2 Hz) is needed to elicite the analgesic effect by the peripheral nerve stimulation. By the 1V stimulus, $A\delta$ nerve fiber is activated. Therefore, an $A\delta$ or smaller nerve fibers must be activated for showing analgesia by the peripheral nerve stimulation. However, the mechanism of analgesia by the $A\delta$ nerve activation alone was not related to the endogeneous morphine system since the reduced pain reaction by the $A\delta$ fiber activation alone was not reversed by the treatment of naloxone.