• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.581-585
• /
• 2001

Objectives : Criteria for evaluating the results of treating low back pain vary widely. We examined the methods measuring the outcome in the papers of Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. Methods : We selected all published articles describing the methods measuring the outcome of low back pain in the journal. They were classified into 3 periods such as period 1 for volume 1-20, 2 for volume 21-25, and 3 for volume 26-28. Results : There are 25 articles in period 1, 44 in period 2, and 30 in period 3. The outcome was classified into 0 to 5 classes by more than 15 different methods. Although the terms and descriptive criteria differ, 4 classes were the most common classification, being 16 in period 1, 39 in period 2, and 19 in period 3. The outcome was usually measured by authors' own method in period 1. In period 2, criteria by Gill et al was most commonly used along with many different criteria. Criteria by Prolo et al became a common method in period 3. Conclusion : Varying methods compromised comparative analyses of outcome. A more simple and universally applicable criteria is necessary to facilitate comparisons among various methods of treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.111-123
• /
• 2003

This study is designed to understand evaluation criteria for garment depending on demographic factors among college students in Yanbian, China. Questionnaire was used for measurement tools to study the subject of the thesis. The main study was conducted against 450 college students from May 17 to June 5, 2001. The data for the study were analyzed using SAS PC program for frequency distribution, percentage, t-test, and one way ANOVA. The evaluation criteria for garment are affected by demographic factors such as gender, average monthly household income, monthly expense for clothing. The result was showed as follows: The evaluation criteria for garment based on gender showed almost no meaningful different between male and female college students. Means on factors considered highly in selecting clothes was studied. The result shows that 'fit to the body, 'quality', 'color' and 'pattern' are considered most highly and 'harmony with other clothes', 'after service', design' 'easy to manage' and 'price' are considered relatively highly, but 'brand' and 'trendy fashion' were not considered highly. A meaningful difference was showed only in one area-trendy fashion-among three different income level groups. Those with an average monthly household income between 500 and 2,000yuan showed a highest tendency compared to those with above 2,000yuan and those with 500yuan. In terms of evaluation criteria for garment based on monthly expense for clothing, 'brand' is the only area which showed a meaningful difference. Respondents with monthly clothing expense of above 100yuan showed a higher means than those with below 100yuan.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.74-77
• /
• 2008

Online shoppers are not able to try clothing on. Therefore, the pictures of clothing on the website play a significant role when shoppers make decision on their purchase. There are generally three different ways to show clothing at online shops. The first one is showing only clothing images, and the second one is showing the pictures that have actual fitting models wearing clothing on (In this case, Model's face is mostly not shown in the picture.), and the third is showing the pictures of professional fitting models who wear goods. The shopping malls adopt each of the different ways but little is known about affect on purchasing from these three ways. The aim of this study is to figure out how the online shopper's emotional status is affected by these three ways of presenting pictures of clothing. At first, we developed a set of adjective words of human emotion to set up the evaluation criteria for user's emotional status. Those adjectives are originally from the precedent research on human emotion. To cut 99 adjectives down to a proper number for the criteria, we conducted a preliminary survey, and finally, 5 adjectives are selected as appropriate criteria for evaluating users' emotional status while they are shopping. Those five adjectives are 'possess','sensual', 'unique', 'tasteful', and 'stylish'. Then, we conducted the main survey showing 10 kinds of cloth (each cloth was consist of 3 ways). And in the page of model images, we measured the model's preference for understanding the relation with customer's emotion criteria of the product. As a result of the test there was statistically significant difference between product only images and anonymous images, but there was no significant difference between anonymous images and model images. And the preference of the model and value of the emotion criteria have large correlation except 'unique' criteria. It is expected that the result in this study will help to build new marketing strategy which satisfy customers' emotion.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.112-129
• /
• 2020

Objectives : The aim of this study is to explore the types of pattern identification (PI, 辨證) and the differential points of PI used for the treatment of psoriasis in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) based on the Chinese references and to provide the evidences applying PI for the treatment of psoriasis in clinical practice. Methods : This study extracted patterns of psoriasis through database CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and analysis the patterns and classification criteria of the patterns. Those examined in the study are dermal symptoms, general symptoms, formula and herbs which are different depending on the patterns. Results : Total 60 studies were selected and 44 pattern types were extracted from them. We categorized the main pattern types on psoriasis used in TCM as 'blood-heat syndrome(BHS, 血熱證)', blood-stasis syndrome(BSS, 血瘀證), and 'blood-dryness syndrome(BDS, 血燥證)', 'dampness-heat syndrome(DHS, 濕熱證)' and 'yang-deficiency syndrome(YDS, 陽虛證)'. Among these patterns, BHS was the most common. In TCM, the pattern of BHS tended to have skin symptoms and signs related to inflammatory erythema and heat. Both BSS and BDS were characterized by long disease duration and poor healing. In addition, DHS tended to have the skin symptoms and signs such as oozing and severe itching. The symptoms and signs related to coldness mainly showed in YDS. For PI criteria, 'qi-blood-essence criteria(氣血津液辨證)' and 'eight-doctrine criteria(八鋼辨證) are commonly used. Conclusions : Our findings show that each PI on psoriasis in TCM has different characteristics related to dermal and general symptoms or signs. Further studies are needed to develop the diagnostic tool of PI on psoriasis reflecting on clinical practices in Korean Medicine by referring to the findings of this study about PI on psoriasis in TCM.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.389-405
• /
• 2013

A facility layout design (FLD) problem can be generally introduced as assignment of facilities (departments) to a site such that a set of criteria are satisfied or some objectives are minimized (maximized). Hence, it can be considered as a multi-criteria problem due to the presence of qualitative criteria such as maintenance or flexibility and quantitative criteria such as the total cost of handling material. The VIKOR method was developed to solve multiple criteria decision making problems with conflicting and non-commensurable (different units) criteria, assuming that compromising is acceptable for conflict resolution, the decision maker wants a solution that is the closest to the ideal, and the alternatives are evaluated according to all established criteria. This paper proposes a hierarchical analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and VIKOR approach to solve the FLD problem. A computer-aided layout-planning tool is adopted to generate the facility layout problems, as well as their quantitative data. The qualitative performance measures are weighted by AHP. VIKOR is then used to solve the FLD problem. Finally, the proposed integrated procedure is applied to three real-time examples.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The green building certification system in Korea was introduced in 2002 and developed as an improvement version of the G-SEED(Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) system in 2013. This study conducts surveys targeting architectural designers and users on significance of certification assessment criteria for apartment buildings on the G-SEED system and examines the differential views between the two groups on assessment criteria. Method: First, The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to find importance of assessment criteria and then the importances were compared with weighted points on the certification standard. Second, the t-test was used to investigate differential views between designer and user groups on certification assessment criteria based on drawn importances. Result: (1) While designer group considered land use and transportation, energy and environmental pollution, and water circulation management as more important, user group did material and resource, maintenance management, ecological environment, and indoor environment as more important. (2) Based on t-test results, sustainable energy, water circulation system, site management, habitat, acoustical environment, and light environment were found to be different on importance between the two groups.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.42 no.8
• /
• pp.49-64
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to provide useful information which would help web-site planning and design, product composition, and service of internet shopping malls. The sample consisted of 693 university students who had visited(Ed- in this case 'visit' means to enter an internet site; note also that the past perfect tense already conveys the meaning of 'experience') internet fashion shopping malls or purchased clothing through internet. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, frequency, t-test, and ANOVA(LSD) using SPSSWIN. The results were as follows： 1) The evaluative criteria of internet fashion shopping malls could be categorized by 4 factors： product presentation method, design, product information, sales promotion ＆ additional service; the first of which was found to be the most important. These criteria showed significant differences according to the period and time of access. Furthermore, the degree of consideration for these criteria was high, whereas the degree of satisfaction was low. 2) The evaluative criteria of clothing could be categorized by 6 factors： general characteristics of products, wearing comfort ＆ ease of management, popularity ＆ status symbolism, service, aesthetics, and textiles materials; the first of which was found to be the most important. These criteria were significantly different according to the periods, time, and purposes of access, and purchase experiences.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.845-851
• /
• 2003

The objective is to establish the standard of criteria for differential diagnosis of signs and symptoms. This study selected signs and symptoms related to heart which stands for Fire(火) as a kind of five phase(五行). Eleven experts was asked to evaluate the adequateness of criteria which was developed by Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine(KIOM) and to suggest the amendment of them. To implement the study, we used the questionnaire which asks about the diagnosis criteria for an insufficiency of the heart-qi(心氣虛證), deficiency of the heart blood(心血氣證), deficiency of the heart-yin(心陰虛證), insufficiency of the heart-yang(心陽虛證), exuberant fire due to hyperactivity of the heart(心火亢盛證), stagnation of the heart blood(心血瘀阻證), heart disturbed by phlegm-fire(痰火擾心證), attack of the heart by retainedfluid(水氣凌心證). Every criteria consists of primary symptoms, secondary symptoms, tongue findings. and pulse findings. In perspectives of the classification of patterns for signs and symptoms and criteria for diagnosis, the result shows that the previous standard doesn't have so many problem. So many of experts were agree with the criteria which was suggested but the trend is that they use, in their actual practice, less than the criteria. Additionally, they pointed that every element in a criterion should have the different weight value, criteria for the overlapped pattern should be added, and, in future, criteria which are based on clinical investigation should be established.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.169-184
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify the most important factor(s) that contribute(s) to the overall oral proficiency and to examine whether the factor(s) play(s) a different role depending on the proficiency level of learners. Learners were divided into novice group and advanced group and were asked to produce an oral recording of a story based on a comic strip. The recordings were transcribed and graded by three raters. According to the results, the raters attained high inter-rater reliability when assessing advanced learners. However, the reliability level became considerably lower in the assessment of novice learners. The best predictor of oral proficiency among novice learners was sociolinguistic competence and fluency, while grammatical competence and fluency were the strongest predictors for advanced learners. The results suggest the need for a separate assessment tool for different proficiency levels and the need for a different focus in the classroom depending on the learners' proficiency level.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.459-470
• /
• 2019

Apart from strength properties, durability, toughness and workability are also important criteria in defining the performance of a concrete structure. Hence "High Performance Concrete (HPC)" is introduced. It is different from high strength concrete and can have various applications. In this paper, the properties (Mechanical and Durability) of High Performance Concrete blended with bagasse ash at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% are studied. However, it is difficult to analyze the performance based on different properties obtained from different experiments. Hence it is necessary to combine all the criteria/properties into a single value to obtain a result by a technique called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).It is an effective tool for dealing with complex decision making, and may aid the decision maker to set priorities and make the best decision. In addition, the AHP incorporates a useful technique for checking the consistency of the decision maker?s evaluations, thus reducing the bias in the decision making process.