• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.269-277
• /
• 2011

Recent outbreak of new diseases and pests which were introduced from abroad, seriously hampered both quality and safety of paprika fruits. This study has been carried out to aid an establishment of guideline for safe use of pesticides and reduction of their residues on paprika. Systemic fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin of either mixed (a.i.; 13.6+6.8%) or single (a.i.; 47 and 18.8%, respectively) water dispersible granule formulation(WG) products were sprayed with recommended or double dosage on paprika grown in green house at March and June. To draw pre-harvest residue limit, residues of each fungicide were analyzed from fruits collected eight times from 18 to 1 day pre-harvest. The biological half-lives of both boscalid and pyraclostrobin in mixed formulation in March and June were slightly shorter than those of single formulation which ranged from 14.4 to 20.1 days. Residue levels of both fungicides of single formulation in fruits in June were about one lower compared to those in March. However, application of double dosage frequently exceeded MRLs from fruits grown both seasons. These results showed that residue levels on fruits persisted longer period of time, more than two weeks, and so the case applied in winter season. The dissipation of fungicides on leaves and fruits was compared. The distribution of both fungicides in leaves was 20-200 times higher than that of fruits and persisted up to 18 days of pre-harvest period at the concentration of 10-40 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. This study indicated that the mixed formulation product exhibited low residues in fruits, but high and long enough to pathogen growth in leaves.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.10-15
• /
• 2010

Most pesticides are poorly soluble in water and must be dissolved in a solvent carrier before being added to the test medium on aquatic toxicity test. The concentration of solvent is critical to the success of a test. This study were conducted to recommend possible organic solvents which have good solubility for pesticides and low toxicity to Korean native water flea to establish new standard toxicity test methods using Korean native water flea for ecological risk assessment of pesticide. Four Korean freshwater cladocerans, Daphnia obtusa, Daphnia sp., Moina macrocopa and Simocephalus vetulus were exposed to 10 different organic solvents during 48 hours to evaluate their toxic response to solvents. Ethyl acetate was the most toxic to cladocerans tested. Although ethyl ether was the least toxic to cladocerans tested, it may not adequate as possible solvent in aquatic toxicity test due to high volatility and low water solubility. In conclusion, acetone, methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile which has low toxicity as well as good water solubility are recommended as optimal organic solvent to use in aquatic toxicity tests with Korean native cladocerans tested.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary softwood by-products extract on growth performance, organ weight and intestinal microbes in organic broiler chicks. Five treatments were assigned to 200 broiler chicks with four replication, allocating 10 broiler chicks in each replication. Dietary treatments included control(Organic diet), +C(Organic diet + antibiotics), T1(Organic diet + softwood by-product powder 3.0%), T2(Organic diet + softwood by-product extract 0.05%) and T3(Organic diet + softwood by-product extract 0.1%). Body weight gain was higher in +C and T3 for overall period than control and T1. Feed efficiency of were slightly improved in +C and T3 groups compared with that of control and T1. The small intestine weight tended to be higher in control and +C, but it's length showed high in only T1 group. Gizzard weight was significantly higher in T2 compared with other treatments(P<0.05). In contrast, spleen weight was significantly lower in control group(P<0.05), whereas the weight of cecum and liver were not significantly different by dietary treatment. Intestinal microflora was significantly lower or/and seemed to be low in softwood by-products treatment groups than control. Digestibility of energy and protein were statistically lower in control and T1 than other treatments(P<0.05). The IgG concentration of birds fed antibiotics, softwood by-product extract was higher than control and T1, but was no significance. The results of this experiments indicated that softwood by-product extract would be possible to apply for the feed additive in organic broiler diets.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.464-471
• /
• 2002

Author applied several engineering methodologies to classical ultrasonic nebulizer to cope with it's demerits. After several trials and errors, we got the several meaningful results. To evaluate the modified ultrasonic nebulizer for inhalation toxicology of cadmium, author used light-scattering photometer. This paper is the one part of inhalation exposure systems for inhalation toxicology study of cadmium. According to the testing conditions, source temperature 50℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 150℃, aerosol generation results for sodium chloride and cadmium chloride were as followings: Coefficients of variation(CV) of sodium chloride and cadmium chloride for repeated trials were 3.38 and 4.77 for 10g, 2.47 and 5.02 for 5g, and 4.70 and 2.98 for 2.5g. All the CVs were within 10% of acceptance variability. Count Per Minute(CPM) changes of NaCl and CdCl₂ for 5 repeated trials were similar. CPM ratios of CdCl₂/NaCl were 1.13 for 10g, 0.76 for 5g, and 1.06 for 2.5g. Relative aerosol generation of cadmium chloride to sodium chloride was the highest in 10g. Efficiency increases of 24.50% for 5g NaCl, 14.91 % for 2.5g NaCl, and 16.48% for 2.5g CdCl₂ with respect to theoretical efficiency were observed but 0.04% efficiency decrease was observed in 5g CdC₂. According to the modifications of source temperature(20, 50, 70℃) and inlet-duct band temperature(20, 50, 100, 150, 200℃), aerosol generation results for NaCl and CdCl₂ were as followings: CPM trends for each quantity excepting 10g NaCl in inlet-duct band temperature 200℃ were similar, and the highest CPM was observed in source temperature 70℃ to each inlet-duct band temperature. The highest CPMs to 10, 5, and 2.5g NaCl were observed in source temperature 70℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 20℃. Aerosol generation of cadmium chloride was increased with the higher source temperature, excepting inlet-duct band temperature 200℃. The highest CPMs for 10, 5, and 2.5g CdCl₂ were observed in source temperature 70℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 20℃, and this trend was similar to NaCl aerosol generation The highest CPMs for 10, 5, and 2.5g CdCl₂ were observed in source temperature 70℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 20℃, and this result was similar to NaCl aerosol generation. Observed efficiencies of 5 and 2.5g NaCl were similar to ifs theoretical efficiency but -3.08% efficiency decrease of 5g CdCl₂, 17.47% efficiency increase of 2.5g CdCl₂ were observed. CPM ratio of CdCl₂/NaCl of 10g was different to 5 and 2.5g, and 2.5g ratio was higher than 5g ratio. In conclusion, to get maximum aerosol generation for NaCl and CdCl₂ will be the conditions that set the appropriate inlet-duct band temperature for each materials and increase the source temperature. Sodium chloride can be used to evaluate the performance and predict the concentration for cadmium aerosol in aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.78-87
• /
• 2008

Purpose: Recently, the conception and cognition that enuresis was resolved spontaneously, have changed. We reviewed the attitudes of the primary care physicians who make diagnose and treat nocturnal enuresis. Methods: From January 2006 to February 2007, a total of 293 primary care physicians in Daegu city participated in this survey. Questionnaires included questions about physicians' opinions on the appropriated age for diagnosis of enuresis, the likely causes of enuresis, etc. Physicians are grouped in two according to whether enuresis is major field of their subspecialty; the pediatrician & urologist group and the other physician group. Results: 59.2% of pediatricians and urologists thought that enuresis is defined as the nightly involuntary release of urine by children of the age of 5 to 6, while 49.6% of other physicians did. For the causes of enuresis, most of clinicians checked "yes" to the question that "Under-developed bladder and nerve" and "Emotional problems". In the patient's behavioral reactions related to enuresis, "Lack of concentration in home and school" and "Frequent urination" were most responded. Attendance to the education program of enuresis in last five years and willing to participate in education program was statistically different among pediatricians-urologists and other physicians. Regarding the treatment of enuresis, most physicians used imiprarnin widely, but pediatricians and urologists preferred desmopressin. Alarm was the last one in treatment modality. Conclusion: This study revealed that pediatricians and urologists are attending more to the educational places and knowing much about the recent information on enuresis when compared to other primary care physicians, regarding the diagnostic age and treatment modality of enuresis. The education of enuresis for primary physicians is more needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.1098-1103
• /
• 2003

Soybeans released proteins when immersed in water at $50{\sim}60^{\sim}C$. We investigated the changes in the characteristics of soybean when soaked in water at different temperatures and studied the electrophoretic properties of soy proteins in recommended Korean soybean varieties after heat treatment. Soybean seeds were heated in soaking water at temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60, $70^{\circ}C$ for 90 min, and also from 10 to 150min at $60^{\circ}C$. The pH value of the water decreased with heating time at $60^{\circ}C$, and the amount of soluble solids increased with temperature and heating time. The protein concentration of the solution increased with temperature and time. From SDS-PAGE of the proteins in soaking water, we detected two new bands of 16 kDa- and 31 kDa-proteins from the Korean soybean varieties on heat treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.207-218
• /
• 2005

In room temperature, Kimchi becomes acidified and a little decayed, scenting a bad smell, and It couldn't be well kept. But if it should be made into a pill, it could be preserved for a long time for marketing, with nutrition highly concentrated as well as with no scent. Therefore, making Kimchi into a pill needs drying. When dried Kimchi, lactic acid and fragrant ingredient will vanish along with volatilization. The cyclodextrin(CD) as a stabilizer shows that the protecting rate of volatility of lactic acid in Kimchi is higher before than that of after fermentation, and it is higher at the addition $2\%\;than\;of\;1\%$ in case of Kimchi with CD. But it doesn't give much effect on total sugar, reducing sugar, protein and amino acid. Evaporation rate of lactic acid is the least in freeze dry, and natural dry, heat dry come next, respectively. In heat dry, if dried at more than $60^{\circ}C$ for a long time, Kimchi exudes boiling and scorched scent, causing bitter taste. The result of HPLC with superose 12 column at 280nm and 210nm shows that place and amount of main peak is almost the same, but the distribution of other peaks are different, with the revelation of various peaks like peptide and amino acid. The Kimchi pill made by the addition of $1\%$ CD shows that concentration is eight times higher than general Kimchi, total sugar is $14.4\%$, reducing sugar is $8.8\%$, protein is $4.8\%$, amino acid is $2.4\%$, and other contents are $74.4\%$, acidity is 32.8, and pH is 3.5 each. The result of letting 20 people with obesity, 20 patients with constipation have 30 pills(total weight 30g) three times a day for 60 days reveals they lost $2.29\%$ in weight on the average, and 7 among 20 were all relieved in constipation, and 8 responded that they experienced its efficacy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.196-202
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary Rhus verniciflua Stokes on the quality of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) beef during cold storage $(4^{\circ}C)$ after thawing. After 4 groups (3 heads/group) of 22 months-Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steen were fed a common basal diet with 0, 2, 4 and $6\%$ Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) powder for 4 months prior to slaughter, samples of M semimembranous from 12 carcasses were stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 9 months. Crude fat was significantly lower in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control (p<0.05). pH value was significantly higher in4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control from 2 and 5 days (p<0.05). Thawing loss was not significantly different among the treatments but drip loss was significantly lower in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control during storage (p<0.05). CIE $L^{\ast}$ value was significantly lower in RVS treatments than in control during storage (p<0.05) and CIE $a^{\ast}$ value was significantly higher in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control (p<0..05). CIE $b^{\ast}$ value was significantly higher in control than in $6\%$ RVS treatment in 0 days (p<0.05) but it was significantly higher in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in control in 7 days (p<0.05). CIE $C^{\ast}$ value was significantly higher in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in control during storage (p<0.05) and CIE $h^0$ value was significantly lower in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in control (p<0.05). TBARS value of 2 days was significantly lower in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control (p<0.05) but it was significantly lower in $4\%$ RVS treatment than the other treatments from 5 days (p<0.05). Surface MetMb concentration was significantly lower in RVS treatment than in control during storage (p<0.05) and it was significantly lower in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in the other treatments in 7days (p<0.05) but surface $R_{6.30}/R_{580}$ value was opposite to this result.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.303-309
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the effects of OA on metaphase of meiosis II and the mitochondrial activity of cytoplasm in bovine cumulus oocytes complexes(COCs) during in vitro maturation. Hanwoo COCs were collected from the slaughterhouse cow ovaries and matured in TCM199 supplemented with $0.1\%$ PVA, 0.2 uM, 2 uM, 20 uM OA for the maturation rate of OA concentration. For the maturation effects between OA and cycloheximide(CX), COCs were matured in TCM199 with 25 ug/mL CX, 25 ug/mL CX (6 hrs culture) plus 2 uM OA or 2 uM OA only at a atmosphere $5\%\;CO_2,\;95\%$ air $39^{\circ}C$ for 6, 12, 24 hrs. To evaluate the nuclear types of matured COCs, cumulus cells were removedby $0.5\%$ hyaluronidase sol. and oocytes were fixed in 1:3 acetic acid ethyl alcohol for 30 sec. and then stained with $0.1\%$ basic Fuchsin sol. For the detection of fluoriscent intensity (FI) of matures oocytes, cumulus cells were removed same as performed above and were stained with 20 nM mite tracker for 20 min. at $39^{\circ}C$. Mitochondrial activity of FI in matured oocytes was imaged by laser conforcal microscopy (Fluoview, Olympus, Japan) and were measured scanned face on 5 um from median to endpoint of oocytes. Statical analysis of nuclear types observed the three replicates was carried out with ANOVA and Fisher's protected least significant difference test using the STATVIEW program. FI of matures oocytes was compared the multiples of the least intensity among the measured oocytes. Maturing in TCM199 supplemented with $0.1\%$ PVA, 0.2 uM, 2 uM, 20 uM OA, metaphase B were showed 72.0, 50.0, 70.0, $68.8\%$, respectively and there were different significant(p<0.05). In the case of treatment with OA and CX, metaphase were $73.8\%,\;8.2\%,\;45.5\%,\;73.7\%$ in $0.1\%$ PVA-TCM199, 25 ug/mL CX, 25 ug/mL CX plus OA or 2uM OA only, respeclively. FI was revealed the increasing tendency during the process of maturation. Whereas FI in CX was decreased about 3 times compared to the other treatments of 6 hrs maturation. We conclude that OA regulates bovine COCs maturation and induces the mitochondrial activity during the process of maturation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.316-325
• /
• 2001

To develope a technique for efficiently managing fertilizer for cucumber, a quick test method to quantify nitrate content in soil solution and leaf petiole juice using a simple instrument was investigated. Among the nitrate analyzing instruments such as compact ion meter, nitrate ion meter, and test strip with reflectometer, the paper test-strip used in conjunction with a hand-held reflectometer was most closely correlated with ion chromatography method in nitrate content, and then it would be suggested with a tool that a farmer can use rapidly, conveniently and accurately for nitrate analysis in a field. Nitrate content in soil solution collected by porous cup was very variable on the lapsed time after drip irrigation and the sampling positions such as soil depth and the distance from dripper. As a result, a significant correlation between nitrate contents of soil solutions and 2M KCl soil extract was not found. However, nitrate content in soil solution extracted with a volume basis (soil:water=1:2) showed the highly significant correlation with that in 2M KCl extract. Nitrate contents of cucumber leaf petiole juices was greatly different between upper and lower leaves. Eleven to sixteen positioned-leaf would be a proper sampling position to determine nitrate content in leaf petiole for evaluating nutrient state by plant tissue analysis. From the secondary regression equations between nitrate contents of soil and petiole juice and the yield of cucumber, nitrate levels for real time diagnosis were estimated as $400mg\;l^{-1}$ soil solution by porous cup. $300mg\;l^{-1}$ in a soil volume extraction, and $1400mg\;l^{-1}$ in petiole juice from spring to summer season. In addition, the maximum yield of cucumber fruit in pot test was obtained in nitrate $1500mg\;l^{-1}$ level of petiole juice, which was similar to nitrate $1400mg\;l^{-1}$ in greenhouse trial.