• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1112-1120
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• 1996

This study was carried out to estimate the relationship between dietary intakes, blood levels, and urinary excretions of zine, copper, and iron and serum lipids in 30 healthy adults living in Korean rural area. Analyses for the nutritional status of the subjects were performed by 3-day intake recored, duplicated diet collections, 24-hour urine collection, and venous blood sampling before measuring of blood pressure. The daily intakes of zinc, copper, and iron estimated for 3 days were 8.2mg, 3.0mg, and 12.7mg in men and 8.4mg, 3.7mg, and 12.3mg in women, respectively. The serum contents of cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol were 165.9mg/dl, 119.4mg/dl, and 43.7mg/dl in men and 154.1mg/dl, 88.2mg/dl, and 47.1mg/dl in women, respectively. The serum levels of zine, copper, and iron were 146.0ug/dl, 120.3ug/dl, and 131.1ug/dl in men and 140.6ug/dl, 117.3ug/dl, and 112.2ug/dl in women, respectively. In the relation between dietary intakes, serum levels, and urinary excretions of these minerals, there were significantly positive correlation between zine intake and copper intake(p<0.05), copper intake and urinary excretion(p<0.001), and iron intake and serum zine level(p<0.05). In the relation between these minerals and serum lipids, dietary zine showed positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.05), and serum zine/copper ratio showed negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.443-450
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• 1990

Pregnant rats were fed liquid diet to determine the influence of maternal ethanol intake on maternal and pup liver copper when dietary copper was low. The diets, which contained either 0.75(low) or 3.75(control)mg copper/1 with or without 30% of kcal from ethanol, were fed throughout gestation and the first 15 days of lactation. maternal calorie intake and body weight were unaffected by dietary treatment. Ethanol intake depressed maternal liver copper concentration only when diet copper was low(interactive effect P<0.05). Although ethanol intake depressed total pup liver copper concentration regardless of dietary copper level, the interactive effect observed in maternal liver was reflected incopper content of the pup liver metallothionein fraction eluted from a Sephadex G-75 column. The zinc content of metallothionein was inversely related to copper content of metallothionein. Results suggest that pregnancy and lactation is a special period to develop a copper deficiency when low copper intake and ethanol ingestion are combined not only in mothers but also in their offspring.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2004

To investigate the effects of dietary phytate reduction and zinc supplementation on biochemical iron parameters in elderly Korean women consuming inadequate iron, fifteen healthy women aged 64-75 years were recruited for a feeding study. A high-phytate diet (27.8 phytate:zinc molar ratio) was provided for 9 days, followed by a nine-day low-phytate diet(12.3) and a subsequent 28-day period of unregulated meals with zinc supplementation (22 mg/d as zinc gluconate). Serum iron increased significantly with the low-phytate diet (130.4 $\mu g$/L) but returned to the level observed during the high-phytate diet (113.0 $\mu g$ /L) period when subjects were taking zinc supplements (105.8 $\mu g$ /L). However, serum ferritin in the subjects decreased significantly with the low-phytate diet (73.8 $\mu g$ /L) as well as with zinc supplementation (57.2 $\mu g$ /L), compared to levels following consumption of the high-phytate diet (89.6 $\mu g$ /L). Transferrin receptor and transferrin saturation were unchanged with the treatments. In summary, zinc supplementation might result in deteriorated iron status in elderly Korean women who consume inadequate iron, while there was no significant effect from reducing dietary phytate.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 1999

This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was $2.07\pm{1.05(0.63~5.65)}\mu{g}$/ml. The zinc content was $2.43\pm{1.14(0.70~5.30)}\mu{/ml.}$ Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was $1.6\pm{0.7mg/}$day and $8.4\pm{2.3mg}$/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was $1.9\pm{0.9mg/}$day and formula-fed infants' was $2.7\pm{0.7mg/}$day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2004

The objective was to evaluate the factors influencing on the growth of children aged 3 - 6 years by mini dietary assessment and anthropometric indices in 556 children and by analyzing mineral contents of hair from 273 children by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean concentration of zinc (Zn) in hair was 68.9 $\pm$ 31.1 ppm and the zinc level of 91 ％ children was less than 60％ of the reference value of 180 ppm. The mean content of lead (Pb) in hair was 1.76 $\pm$ 1.20 ppm, but only 67％ of 273 children was within the reference value of 2 ppm and the lead level of 33％ of children was 2 - 4 times higher than the reference value. The level of Zn was negatively correlated with Pb content (r = -0.305, p 〈 0.01). Hair Zn content, regardless of age, was significantly positively correlated with height (r = 0.214) and body weight (r = 0.159). The height of 95.3％ children was belonged to the normal range of 90 - 109.9％ of standard value and the body weight of 49.8％ children was in the range of 90 - 109.9％ of standard value. However, 8.1 ％ children was overweighted (110 - 119.9％ of standard) and 9.4％ children was obese (120 - 149.9％ of standard) and 0.9％ children was severe obese (〉 150％) which resulted in total 10.3％ obese. Contrary to our expectation, 32.8％ children was underweight (70 - 89.9％ of standard) and 36％ of the underweight children showed the low content of zinc (10 - 49 ppm) in hair. There was no significant correlation between dietary intake of Zn and hair Zn content. Hair Zn content was low even though children consumed greater than 75％ of their requirement for zinc. Regardless of dietary intake of Zn, hair Zn level was rather negatively correlated to the content of Pb in hair. 38.8％ children had an unbalanced diet which resulted in lower intake of calorie, Ca, Zn, vitamin B$_2$ compared with those consuming variety of foods. Therefore, it would be needed that new approach for nutrition education to improve eating habit having the unbalanced diet in preschool children. It might be also suggested to develop new food products to complement the nutrients of Zn, Ca, Fe as snacks or dietary supplement for Korean preschool children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.922-933
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education using Food Exchange System on elementary students' nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. Nutrition education lessons (40 min /lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups and sources of 6 food groups', 'good choice of snacks and eating out' as class lesson, 'daily needed energy and food exchange units' as individual lesson, were provided to 70 elementary students (4th grade 33 students, 5th grade 37 students) in Jeonbuk Province. We assessed the changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, food habit using a questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24 hr recall method by nutrition education. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'functions of carbohydrate', 'functions of protein', 'functions of lipid', 'foods of carbohydrate', and 'foods of lipid'. In dietary attitude, there were significant increases in scores of 'taking a meal with joy', 'taking a meal at ease', 'taking a meal with sufficient protein intake' and 'taking a meal without spicy foods' by nutrition education. There were significant changes in the type of breakfast and in the frequency of snacks. After education, in type of breakfast, it showed higher number of students ate rice oriented meal than they did before education. and in frequency of snacks, it showed lower number of students ate snacks 'over 3 times' than they did before education. In Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat (CPF) ratio (%), it was significantly changed from 55.8 : 17.7 : 26.6 to 63.6 : 15.3 : 21.1. In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc showed positive changes in distribution of number of children by intake level. That is, there were significant improvements in intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc. These results showed that nutrition education using Food Exchange System for elementary students improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. It suggest that nutrition education using Food Exchange System may improve dietary behaviors and reduce an incidence of obesity in elementary students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.100-107
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• 2010

This study was performed to compare the dietary intake and food sources of zinc (Zn), using a database of Zn composition developed in this study, between elementary schoolchildren in a remote rural area (RA, n=58, $9.9{\pm}1.7\;yrs$) and those in an urban area (UA, n=60, $9.4{\pm}1.8\;yrs$) in Chungnam province in Korea. A dietary survey for three days by food record method was performed. All kinds of foods (n=273) consumed by subjects were collected by aliquot sampling method, and the Zn content of these foods were analyzed by wet technique. The results showed that the daily mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron, and vitamin C from diet in the RA were in the range of 49-88% of the Korean DRI (KDRI), while those in the UA were similar to or greater than the KDRI, except for calcium and iron. The daily mean intake of Zn from the RA diet was $7.0{\pm}0.5\;mg/d$ ($114.1{\pm}8.4%$ of the KDRI), and $16.0{\pm}1.0\;mg/d$ ($258.3{\pm}16.3%$ of the KDRI) in that of the UA (p<0.001). The percentage of dietary intake of Zn less than 2/3 of the KDRI was 19.0% in the RA, in comparison to 1.7% in the UA. Those in the RA consumed Zn from plant foods more often than did those in the UA (p<0.001). Beef rib stew was the food source with highest Zn amount for the total subjects, followed by beef rib meat, roasted; and beef soup w/seasoned red pepper sauce. These results showed that some children in the RA had poor Zn nutrition based upon low intakes and poor food sources of Zn, while overall, children in the UA had good Zn nutrition. Therefore, those in RAs should have their Zn nutrition improved through government policy and nutrition education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.154-154
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• 1993

A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytate(0 or 10g/kg diet) and calcium (Ca)(3 or 10g/kg diet) intakes on Ca, P and Zn metabolism by growing female rats. Food intake and weight were similar for the all groups, however, phytate ingestion for six weeks depressed femur growth. The low Ca plus phytate group showed the lowest Ca content of total femur and this was related to a significant decrease of Ca retention. Phytate intake depressed zinc(Zn) absorption in the first metabolic collection. This inhibitory effect of phytate on Zn absorption was improved in the low Ca plus phytate group after several weeks. Impared Zn absorption however remained in the high Ca plus phytate group which was reflected in the lowest Zn content of femur, phytate intake with high Ca also depressed phosphorous(P) absorption and serum and urinary P. These adverse effects of phytate on Zn and P absorption when the dietary Ca was high could explain reduced femur weight despite the highest concentration of femur Ca(mg/g ash) in this group. Results suggest that phytate can adversely affect not only Ca metabolism but Zn and P utilization. Thus, for the normal bone growth when phytate intake is high, the ingesion of Ca, P, Zn and other minerals should be enhanced.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the mineral status of postmenopausal vegetarian women with those of the omnivores, and to investigate the relationship between dietary pattern and minerals status in postmenopausal Korean women. The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n = 38), all of them were seven day adventists, who had been on vegetarian diet over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and blood mineral concentrations were compared to age matched omnivores controls (n = 38). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 60.7 yrs and 60.5 yrs, respectively and there was no significant difference. The mean daily energy intake of vegetarians and omnivores were 1518.5 kcal and 1355.5 kcal, respectively and their was no significant difference. The mean calcium intake of vegetarians (492.6 mg) was not significantly different from that of omnivores (436.6 mg). The vegetarians consumed significantly greater quantities of magnesium (p < 0.001), iron (p < 0.001), copper (p < 0.001), manganese (p < 0.001) and dietary fiber (p < 0.05). There were no significantly differences in serum calcium, magnesium and manganese levels between vegetarians and omnivores. However, serum levels of phosphorus (p < 0.01), iron (p < 0.05), ferritin (p < 0.01), zinc (p < 0.001) and copper (p < 0.05) were significantly lower than those of omnivores. In conclusion, vegetarian postmenopausal women may have low bioavailability of iron, zinc and copper. Therefore it was needed that further study on mineral bioavailability of vegetarian diet. (Korean J Nutrition 38(2): 151～160, 2005)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.1032-1036
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary zinc on macro mineral contents of high fat diet-induced obese rats. The obese group was divided into three groups by zinc levels of diet, such as low (50% requirement), adequate (100%) and high (200%) levels of dietary zinc. The calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium contents in serum and organs were measured by ICP. There were no significant differences in the food intake, weight gain and feed efficiency ratio among the different dietary zinc levels. Also, the liver, kidney and spleen weight did not show the significant differences among each level of dietary zinc. However, serum sodium and potassium concentrations in the low zinc diet group were significantly higher than in the other diet groups. In high zinc diet group, the calcium contents of liver was significantly higher than in the other diet groups, magnesium and potassium contents of liver were higher than in the low zinc diet group. The sodium contents of liver and magnesium and potassium contents of spleen were significantly lower in the low zinc diet group than in the other diet groups. In conclusion, the macro mineral contents of serum, liver and spleen in obese rats were changed by dietary zinc levels. Especially, the low zinc diet group considerably changed of macro mineral contents in organs. Therefore, it may be suggested that adequate level of dietary zinc in obese individuals should be required.