• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.242-253
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes of guardians, and nutritional status of infants and toddlers as well as the relationships between these variables. Methods: The participants were selected among applicants for low-income family financing provided by the government and included 115 infants and toddlers as well as their guardians. Demographic data, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and nutrition intakes were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire, biochemical examination, and 24 Hour-Recall method. Results: The score for guardians' nutrition knowledge was 12.97 points of a possible 15, and the score for dietary attitudes was 53.38 points of a possible 75. The nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes showed significant differences by education level (p < 0.05) and family structure (p < 0.05). Energy intakes of subjects aged 6 ~ 24 months and over 25 months were lower than the DRI for Koreans. The intakes of carbohydrates, protein, and fat of subjects aged 6 ~ 24 months and over 25 months showed no significant differences by level of nutrition knowledge or dietary attitudes. The intake of Ca of subjects aged over 12 months showed significant differences by level of nutrition knowledge (p < 0.05). The intakes of Thiamin of subjects aged 6 ~ 11 months and P of subjects aged over 12 months showed significant differences by level of dietary attitudes (p < 0.05). There was a small positive correlation between education level and nutrition knowledge as well as between dietary attitudes. Nutrition knowledge showed a positive correlation with dietary attitudes. There was a positive correlation between nutrition knowledge and Ca, Riboflavin, as well as Vit C levels. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to consider an educational program for increasing the practical application of knowledge to nutrition management for improvement of nutrition intake in infants and toddlers.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.159-167
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between milk consumption, dietary nutrient intake, and physical strength in Korean adolescents for dietary education of home economics subject at middle and high schools. Intake of milk and milk products, that of dietary nutrients, and physical strength records were surveyed for 298 high school students resided in small and medium-sized cities in Korea. Intake of milk and milk products was collected from three-day dietary survey, and daily dairy equivalent of calcium was calculated by dividing daily calcium intake(mg) from milk and milk products by calcium content(200 mg) of 200 mL milk. Dietary survey was performed during three days including two-weekdays and one-weekend by food record method. Dietary nutrient intake was analyzed by CAN-Pro 3.0. Physical strength records were offered from subjects' schools. Subjects were divided into low intake group(${\leq}0.29/d$), medium intake group(0.30-0.78/d) and high intake group(0.79-5.66/d) according to daily mean dairy equivalent of calcium taken by them, and most of them consumed milk and milk products less than '2' of the recommended value. Daily mean dairy equivalent of calcium was significantly related with high records of '50 m running' and 'stand long jump'(p<0.05), however it was not related with other records of physical strength. Intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin E were significantly correlated with high record of '50 m running'(p<0.01). Intakes of nutrients were related with '50 m running' except fat were significantly correlated with high record of 'stand long jump'(p<0.05). Intakes of protein, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin A, $B_6$ and E were significantly correlated with high record of 'long distance running'(p<0.05). In conclusion intake of milk and milk products was related with physical strength records('50 m running' and 'stand long jump') and intakes of most nutrients including energy nutrient, vitamin and mineral were correlated with physical strength records('50 m running', 'stand long jump' and 'long distance running') in Korean adolescents. Therefore, optimal consumption of milk and various nutrients for balanced nutrition during adolescents should be emphasized in dietary education of home economics subject for their strong physical strength.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.200-208
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• 1981

A survey was conducted from January 23 to 31 and February 14 to 18, 1981, in Whaseounggun, Kyunggj-do, to investigate the dietary and nutritionary status, and prevalence of parasitic infection of the fertile women, in an attempt to provide an integrative perspective on the rural family health programmes. The results are summarised as follows; The total number of fertile women, randomly selected, was 197 ; 21 women were in the latter half of pregnancy; 38 women, lactating, the remaning, non-pregnant. Average age of the subjects was 31.4 years; average number of children, 2.7; average number of abortion, 0.9; average family number in home, 5.5. The families had a mean income of \ 2,470,000 per fear. The majority, 83.8% of the families, were engaged in farming. 61.4% of the subjects had completed schooling 6 years or less. The mean energy intake of the lactating women was 73.4% of the recommended allowance, while that of non-pregnant and pregnant women reached 86.9 to 88.6% of the recommendation. In the average diet of the subjects, carbohydrates contribute 74.6 to 81.7% of the total energy intake; protein 11.3 to 11.9%; fat 7.0 to 13.9%. Protein intake of non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating women met 72.6%, 60.8%, and 65.2% of allowance, respectively; and those proteins were mainly derived from vegetable sources. The subjects ingested less than one-half of the allowances for iron, calcium, vitamin A, and riboflabin ; in contrast, thiamin and ascorbic acid levels were adequate or fairly acceptable. There were significant correlations of meal balance and food diversity scores to the mean intake levels of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin. Only 10% of the pregnant women and 11.4% of non-pregnant and lactating women reached the acceptable level of hemoglobin. Positive prevalence of parasitic infection was found among about one-third of the subjects, 30.3% of women. Hematologic findings had no significant correlation to parasitic infection.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.77-88
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• 2017

Nutritional adequacy of Target patterns in Dietary Guidance System were evaluated. Study subjects were 18 Target patterns designed for 2 children groups, 4 adolescent and 4 adult male and female groups in Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015. Nutrients examined were 4 macro-nutrients(protein, fat, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber), 5 minerals(Ca, P, Fe, Na, and K), and 5 vitamins(vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C). Energy and nutrients contents were calculated based upon assigned multiples of single serving in Target pattern and Representative Food Composition Table by Excel program. Among the 18 Target patterns, only 5 were mean adequacy ratio(MAR) of 1.0, fulfilled the expectations of Dietary Guidance System. Protein and Na contents were more than dietary reference intakes(DRI) in all 18 Target patterns. Dietary fiber, Ca, and K were deficient nutrient in 15, 10, and 9 Target patterns, respectively. The units of vitamin A were not same in Target pattern and DRI, retinol equivalent(RE) in Target pattern and retinol activity equivalent(RAE) in DRI. When calculate RE content of vitamin A in Target pattern to RAE content, 15 Target patterns did not reach to DRI of vitamin A. The Target pattern of elderly women showed the lowest mean adequacy ratio(MAR), 7 nutrients were less than DRI, need to be revised. Average energy contribution ratio of protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 16.04%, 24.35%, and 60.91%, respectively, fulfilled the adequate acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range(AMDR). To improve the nutritional inadequacy of dietary fiber, Ca, K, and vitamin A in Target pattern, effective mean may be the increasing vegetable group assignment. Also decreasing the meat fish egg legume group assignment in some Target pattern may be the way of preventing of protein overconsumption. The energy in adequate amount for condiment use also need to be considered.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate health status and nutritional status based on dietary intake and food habit of elderly women in rural area of Keyonggi Province. The subject of this study were 133 elderly women aged 60 and over and interviewed with a questionaire. Main result was as follows : 1) Health score based on modified Cornell Medical Index, CMI(45 out of 195 items) was the average $29.1\pm6.8$ and was not significantly different with family size educational level and farmwork participation. In age, 44.0% of the subject in 60~65 years old was low score of CMI(11~25), but 50% of the subject in older than 80 years old was high score(33~44). The subject with disease was 82% and disease of musculoskeletal system was main type. 2) Dietary intake data obtained by a semiquantitative food frequency questionaire showed the average daily intake of energy, protein, Ca, retinol and riboflavin was lower than RDA Daily energy, protein and Ca intake was individually 84%, 67% and 55.1%. It was retinol that was the least sufficient as 49.1% of RDA. 3) The relation between CMI score(divided into three level : low, middle and high) showed low level was significantly different with others according to daily intake of energy, protein, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid. The correlation between CMI score and all nutrient intake were highly significant (p＜0.001), thus we knew that health status was affected importantly by nutrient intake. 4) Family size, educational level and age showed not significant correlation with all nutrient intake. 5) In food habit, 84.8% of the subject had regular mealtime and 14.4% were skip meal sometimes. The main reason of skip meal was a poor appetite. Preference for salty taste of subject was insufficiently salty of somewhat salty. Preference for fishes and meats showed the subject consumed fishes more than meats, but 23.5% of the subject didn't consume both. The subject eaten supplement was 38.3%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.76-94
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was implemented to develop and validate a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) to assess the dietary intake of married migrant women in multicultural families. Methods: The SQ-FFQ consisting of 41 food items was selected based on the information of frequently consumed foods from the preliminary studies on dietary intake survey for married migrant women or a Korean Health and Nutrition Examination survey. Thirty-five subjects who visited the Multicultural Family Support Center in Seoul and Daejeon area completed their three-day diet records and SQ-FFQ 2 times. The reproducibility and relative validity of SQ-FFQ were assessed by comparing the 1st and 2nd SQ-FFQ and by comparison with the three-day diet records, respectively. Results: The reliability of SQ-FFQ, which was examined 1-2 weeks apart, showed no significant difference in the energy and macronutrient intake (carbohydrate, fat, protein), while the average intakes of vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium, and potassium were slightly higher in the 2nd than 1st SQ-FFQ. All correlation coefficients for the reliability for nutrients were statistically significant, ranging from 0.453 to 0.885. The mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, vitamin C, thiamin, folate, vitamin B12, calcium, and sodium obtained from the SQ-FFQ were greater than those of the 3-day dietary records. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the 2 methods was the highest for plant fat (r = 0.602; p < 0.001) and relatively higher for energy, carbohydrate, fat, and thiamin ranging from 0.512 to 0.599; and protein, riboflavin, niacin, folate ranging from 0.335 to 0.499, while no significant correlation was observed for vitamin A, C, calcium, iron, and sodium. Conclusion: The developed SQ-FFQ for married migrant women in multicultural families in this study appears to be useful for estimating the nutritional status, particularly energy, carbohydrates, fat, and vitamin B group.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.90-105
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• 2007

This study was conducted to assess macro- and micronutrient compositions in school lunch menus based on the 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches. Ninety-five dieticians in elementary school in Chungbuk were asked to complete a questionnaire on characteristics of the school lunch program(such as type of foodservice, food production system), the information about dietitians(such as age, education, and job history), and the extent of the use of processed foods and frozen foods. Dey were asked to return the questionnaire with the menus including the name and the quantity of every food ingredient offered during a week. A total of 554 lunch menus provided for a week of June 2004 were analyzed. Average nutrient content per meal was as follows; 660kcal, energy; 92.9g, carbohydrate; 26.7g, protein; 21.1g, fat; 287 ${\mu}gRE$, vitamin A: 0.5mg, thiamin; 0.5mg, riboflavin; 29.3mg, vitamin C: 338.2mg, calcium; 3.9mg, iron; and 97mg, cholesterol. Average percentages of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was 56.2%, 16.2%, and 29.0%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per meal was higher in rural-type than in urban-type schools. The weekly menu of 40% of the schools provided <55% of energy from carbohydrate, and 39% of the schools offered lunch that provided ${\geq}30%$ of energy from fat. The micronutrient content was generally high when the percent energy from fat was less than 25%. Our results showed that only 52.6% of the schools provided lunches with the energy composition as in the 'Dietary Guideline' of School Lunches. Whole Milk was the major contributor to fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. We suggest that school foodservices start to provide low fat milk instead of whole milk to reduce fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. If low fat milk is served instead of whole milk, percentage of energy from fat and saturated fat can be reduced from 29% to 25%, and ken 10.2% to 9.1%, respectively, and cholesterol could be reduced from 97mg to 79mg. Efforts to meet 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches should be made, especially to reduce fat intake, while maintaining essential nutrient intake at sufficient levels for childen.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.495-506
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• 2017

Objectives: Weight control practices are common in combat sport athletes. This study was performed to examine nutrient intakes of male college combat sport athletes (taekwondo, boxing, judo) by weight control (WC) status. Methods: Subjects were male combat sport athletes (n=90) from colleges in Gyeonggi Province. Survey was conducted during 2016. Questionnaire included general characteristics, weight control, and dietary intakes during the period of training, weight control, weigh-in ~ before competition and between competitions. Subjects were grouped into high- and normal WC groups. T-test, ${\chi}^2-test$, Fisher's exact test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data. Results: During training, energy intake was 75.4% of EER and C:P:F ratio was 57.5:13.9:28.7. Iron and zinc intakes were different by WC groups (p<0.05). During weight control, energy intake was 44.7% of EER in normal WC and 30.5% in high WC group (p<0.05). C:P:F ratio was 69:11.1:19.5, and ratio from protein and fat was lower in the high WC group (p<0.05). Most nutrient intakes during weight control were less than 50% of 2015 KDRIs (RNI or AI), and intakes including thiamin (p<0.01), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, folate, calcium, potassium and zinc (p<0.05) were significantly lower in the high WC. Energy intake after weighing before the competition was 1,315 kcal, and energy (kcal/kg BW, p<0.05) and carbohydrate intakes (g/kg BW, p<0.01) were significantly higher in the high WC group. Energy intake between competitions was 691.1 kcal, with no difference by the WC group. Conclusions: Nutrients intakes of combat sport athletes were inadequate. Dietary intakes during weight control were much below than the KDRIs, especially in the high WC group. It is needed to develop nutrition education programs for combat sport athletes to avoid severe energy restrictions and to apply specific dietary guides to each period of training and weight control.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.819-825
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• 1995

Two sweet potato CV.(Ipomoea batatas) were examined, i.e. purple flesh sweet potato(PSP) and light yellow flesh sweet potato(LYSP) which varied in degree of sweetness. On a fresh weight basis, nitrogen free extract in cultivars ranged from $25.73{\sim}26.24%$ and PSP contained more crude fat than LYSP. Total amino acids of PSP and LYSP were 5676.57mg% and 4550.86mg%, respectively. Aspartic acid, serine, alanine and valine were the major components in sweet potatoes. Sulfur-containing amino acids are the first limiting amino acid in PSP. The major fatty acids in PSP and LYSP analyzed by GC were palmitic acid, linoleic acid. The content of the saturated fatty acid was less than that of the unsaturated fatty acid. Carbohydrate contents were $75.43{\sim}79.10%$ and neutral sugars contents were $67.22{\sim}64.85%$(dry wt). Two sweet potato CV. contained the most glucose of all neutral sugars. PSP contained 11.88% for uronic acid, 59.42% for starch. Free sugars of PSP(0.82%) was much less than that of LYSP(2.53%). The contents of thiamin, riboflavin and niacin were similar, and the ascorbic acid contents in PSP and LYSP were 63.4mg% and 48.7mg%(dry wt), respectively. Comparing the mineral content in PSP, K was the greatest element in concentration followed by mg, Ca, Na. The total dietary fiber(TDF) value was 13.43% in PSP, 9.79% in LYSP respectively. The ratio of soluble dietary fiber(SDF) content and insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) content to TDF content for PSP were 57.6%, 42.4%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examin height, weight and body composition nutrient intakes and serum lipids for high school girls in urban and fishing area. The subjects consisted of 78(44 fishing and 34 urban) high school girls aged in average 17.3 and 17 years. Their dietary intakes were assesed for 1 day by means of 24 hours dietary recall method. Concentrations of serum lipids, percentage of body fat and volume of total body water were measured. The mean energy intake of the subjects were 1431 ㎉ in fishing and 1659 ㎉ in urban area. The subjects in fishing area(urban) consumed 58(67) g protein, 27(36) g lipid, 459(634) mg calcium, 676(945) mg phosphorous, 11(14) mg iron, 786(574) RE retinol, 2.8(3.6) mg tocopherol, 0.9(1.0) mg thiamin, 1.2(1.1) mg riboflavin, 16.9(20.5) mg niacin and 64.1(92.8) mg ascorbic acid, respectively. Energy, calcium, iron and tocopherol intakes were lower than the Korean RDA in both girls. The mean percentage of fishing girls were 19.8% and significantly lower than 25.6% in urban. These values seem to fall in the desirable range in fishing girls, but high school girls in urban is seemed to overweight. The mean saturated fatty acid(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) and dietary cholesterol(Chol) intakes were 7.3 g, 8.1 g, 7.2 g and 263 mg for fishing girls were 13.1 g, 12.1 g, 9.1 g and 216 mg for urban girls respectively. The fat, SFA and MUFA intakes in fishing girls were significantly lower than urban girls. The P/M/S ratio was 0.9/1.1/1 for fishing, was 0.7/0.9/1 for urban. The mean serum triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 77.7(61.8) mg/dl, 124.5(142.3) mg/dl, 59.3(22.4) mg/dl and 49.6(107.8) mg/dl in fishing girls(urban girls), respectively. All of these values seem to fall in the desirable range but HDL-chlesterol concentrations in fishing girls were significantly higher than urban girls and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in fishing girls were significantly lower than urban girls. There were positive correlations between body fat percent and total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentration : negative correlations between between body fat percent and HDL-cholesterol concentration : positive correlation between fat intake and LDL-cholesterol concentration : negative correlations between serum HDL-cholesterol concentration and fat or SFA or MUFA intakes. (Korean J Human 1(1) : 81~93, 1998)