• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2003

Several self-administered dietary assessment questionnaires have recently been developed, validated, and used in nutritional epidemiological and clinical studies in Japan. This article describes recent evidence on development and validation of them. After extensive search of published articles both in English and Japanese languages, we identified 25 articles on 13 questionnaires of which validation studies have existed. Number of foods/menus assessed varied from 31 to 169 according to questionnaires. Eleven questionnaires were food frequency type, either with fixed portion size or semiquantitative, and two diet history types. All the 13 questionnaires were validated against intakes assessed with dietary record or 24-hour recall, and only two with biomarkers. Number of subjects used in the studies was between 23 and 350. All the studies used adult subjects. In the studies with dietary record or recall, the correlation coefficient for or orgy intake was between 0.22 and 0.65 (median = 0.44). Median correlation coefficient for nutrients was between 0.21 and 0.61. In the studies with biomarkers, serum marine-origin n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenes, and urinary potassium seemed useful biomarkers. In conclusion, recent progress of this field in Japan is remarkable. But more research is needed for validation studies with biomarkers, and the development and validation of questionnaires for children and elderly subjects. (J Community Nutrition 5(2) : 83∼92,2003)

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.775-784
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• 1998

This study was conduced to investigate the seasonal variation of dietary intake and quality obtained by 24 hour recall method in Korean adults living in rural area. The mean daily intakes of 4 seasons were 1,692kcal for energy, 63g(14.8% of energy) for protein, 30g(15.7% of energy) for fat, 257g(60.7% of energy) for carbohydrate. Mean daily intakes were significantly highest in winter for most of the nutrients, and lower in summer for energy, fat, calcium, iron. Mena adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.65 in winter, 0.67 in spring, 0.65 in summer and 0.72 in autumn and nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) was significantly different fro vitamin C agmong different seasons. Subjects consumed usually 15.3 different foods in winter, 14.5 in summer, 13.9 in spring and 13.7 in autumn. The number of food consumed was positively correlated with intake of most nutrients, especially in autumn. For variety among the five major food groups(grain, meat, dairy, fruit, vegetable) with a dietary diversity scores(DDS) calculated, the average socre of DDS was 3 in all seasons and omitted food groups were usually dariy and fruit. In conclusion, dietary intake and quality of Korean adults were different according to seasons.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2011

Accurate assessment of nutrient adequacy of a population should be based on usual intake distribution of that population. This study was conducted to adjust usual nutrient intake distributions of a single 24-hour recall in 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Surveys (KNHNS) in order to determine the magnitude of limitations inherent to a single 24-hour recall in assessing nutrient intakes of a population. Of 9,960 individuals who provided one 24-hour recall in 2001 KNHNS, 3,976 subjects provided an additional one-day 24-hour recall in 2002 Korean National Nutrition Survey by Season (KNNSS). To adjust for usual intake distribution, we estimated within-individual variations derived from 2001 KNHNS and 2002 KNNSS using the Iowa State University method. Nutritionally at risk population was assessed in reference to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The Korean Estimated Average Requirement (Korean EAR) cut-point was applied to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes except for iron intakes, which were assessed using the probability approach. The estimated proportions below Korean EAR for calcium, riboflavin, and iron were 73%, 41%, and 24% from usual intake distribution and 70%, 51%, and 39% from one-day intake distribution, respectively. The estimated proportion of sodium intakes over the Intake Goal of 2,000 mg/day was 100% of the population after adjustment. The energy proportion from protein was within Korean Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (Korean AMDR), whereas that of carbohydrate was higher than the upper limit and that of fat was below the lower limit in the subjects aged 30 years or older. According to these results, the prevalence of nutritional inadequacy and excess intake is over-estimated in Korea unless usual intake distributions are adjusted for one-day intakes of most nutrients.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.887-891
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• 1995

회상법과 빈도법을 이용하여 식이섭취조사를 할 경우 영양소에 따라 다소 차이는 있으나 일반적으로 모든 영양소에서 빈도법이 회상법 보다 개인의 섭취량이 과다하게 평가되는 경향을 보이고 있으며 영양소별 측정 오차가 식이조사 방법에 따라 가장 큰 차이를 보였던 영양소는 carotene이었고 이 영양소는 두 방법에 의해 추정된 값 사이에 통계적으로 유의있는 상관을 보이지 않고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구 결과는 연구 목적이 되는 영양소의 종류에 따라 식이조사 방법으로 히상법과 빈도법을 교차 선택할 수 있는영양소와 그렇지 않은 영양소가 있음을 시사하고 있다. 그러나, 본 연구는 각 방법이 지니는 상대적 타당성(validity)를 측정하는데 필요한 표준가치(reference value)가 없으므로 타당성을 측정할 수 없었고 단지 두 방법간의 차이만을 비교하는데 그치는 제한점이 있었다. 그러므로 사용된 방법의 타당성 측정을 위해서는 표준값을 제공할 수 있는 객관적인 방법인 실측법(precise weights method) 등이 비록 적은 표본 규모라도 진행될 필요성이 있다. 한편, 더 나아가 조사방법의 신뢰도 측정을 위해서는 정확성(precision)을 보기 위해 한 방법을 여러번 반복 조사하여야 방법의 정확성 등이 검토될 수 있겠다. 이러한 기초연구를 위한 많은 투자와 노력이 있어야만 역학조사에서 이용된 식이조사 방법의 신뢰성 확보가 가능함을 본 연구결과는 시사하고 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 1996

This study examined the patterns of nutrient intakes measured by 1-, 3-, 7-day recalls and records as well as food frequency questionnaire among 59 females volunteers enrolled in the university in Seoul, Korea. Over a 4 month period, a modified Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered once, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted 12 times and a weighted dietary record 14 times. From these 12 recalls and 14 records, 1-, 3-, 7-day data were randomly selected. For energy and 11 nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaire were higher than from recalls and records. Group mean intakes from recalls and records showed little differences depending on days of dietary studies and dietary methods. Measures of agreement were calculated by weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient values calculated for quintile categories while comparing to the results of 26 days recalls and records. Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.11 for riboflavin to 0.36 for vitamin C for and 1-day recall, and from 0.21 for iron to 0.31 for energy for the 1-day record. Weighted kappa values were increased as the number of days of dietary studies increased (0.34-0.57 for the 3-day recalls, 0.27-0.50 for the 3-day records, 0.50-0.68 for the 7-day recalls, and 0.50-0.65 for the 7-day records). Weighted kappa values for food frequency questionnaire were higher than the 1-day data, but lower than the 3-and-7day data(0.34 for energy, 0.31 for iron and 0.22 for vitamin C). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.21 for vitamin A to 0.57 for calcium. The degrees of agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to those in previously published studies for Western populations, partly due to the differences of data analysis methods as well as of dietary patterns between those samples and ours.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2003

Improving dietary patterns, na, in turn, improving nutritional status, is now viewed as a key to improve public health and to prevent chronic diseases. There has been a peat needs to assess diet quality to identify nutritional risk group, however, little research has been done on methods to assess overall diet quality. The purpose of this study was to develope a mini dietary assessment (MDA) index for evaluation of overall dietary quality. A 10-component system was devised based on dietary guidelines and food Tower for Koreans. The system contained 4 food elements of which use is encouraged, such as milk, meat, vegetables, fruits, and 3 food elements of which use is limited, such as fat, salt, or sugar. Also the included were elements on dietary regulation and variety. A subject is to check one of ‘always' 'generally'seldom', which has score of 5, 3, and 1, respectively, so the total possible index score is 50. This index is to use without dietary survey and is to use even by non-nutritionist. A sample of 432 healthy males and females in their 30's and 40's contributed diet intake data based on 24-hour recall for the validation of MDA. The mean MDA score was 31.34 of a possible 50 points. The main nutrients for each MDA component was correlated very well with the results of 24-hour recall. Also, very good correlation was found between healthy eating index (HEI) score and MDA score. However, some of MDA components were needed a modification of term or/and statement. So the Uh was revised and another effort for validation was made with new sample of 169 subjects and even better correlation was found. The revised MDA could be used with minor modification to assess diet quality and to screen nutritional status. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 83-92, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.78-89
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• 2002

This study was performed to analyse some rick ffactors for chronic degenerative diseases of the Korean dict. The study subjects consisted of preschool children(PC), elementary school children(EC), high school students(HS), college students(CS), and adults over 30 years old living in Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classfied to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 subjects. The dietary risks for chronic degenerative disease such as food sources of fat consumption, high cholesterol intake, low dietary fiber intake, and low calcium intake and high protein intake were analyzed. Younger subjects had more animal fat proportion than older subjects did. HS and CS had the least fat proportion from fishes and shellfishes. Each mean cholesterol intake of PC, EC, HS, and CS was over 300mg/day, and HS load the highest level of 415mg/day. Cholesterol density of the diet of PC was the highest of 175mg/1000kcal and the level decreased when the age increased. The subjects consuming cholesterol over 100 mg/1000kca1 were about 70% of PC and HS. More than 20% of PC, EC, and HS consumed calcium under 75% of RDA with protein consumption over 125% of RDA. Dietary fiber intakes were 18g for HS, CS, 30-49 years, and 50 ∼ 69 years, 14g for EC and over 70 years, and 12g for PC. Ninety percent of PC and EC, 80% of HS and CS, and 70% of tole subjccts over 30years consumed dietary fiber under the level of 10g/1000kca1. The major food sources of dietary fiber were vegetables and grains. From these results, children and adolescents had ricks for chronic degenerative diseases on all the analyzed items. The results of this study would provide the basic information for development of dietary interventions to improve diet find health.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.760-775
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the validity of food photographs for estimating individuals' dietary intakes and compare it with other dietary assessment methods. Subjects were 7 professors, 2 researchers, 12 dietitian and 16 graduate students majoring in food and nutrition. Among the subjects, 20 subjects had research experiences in the dietary intake survey more than one year while 17 had not. Each subject estimated 50 food portions displayed in computer monitor by comparing with standard food photographs, which were weighed portions of 28 foods from typical Korean diet. No significant differences between the estimated value and the weighed value of 17 (34%) food portions were shown in research-experienced group and those of 14 (28%) food portions were shown in no-researchexperienced group. 24-hour recall was the most frequently-used method for dietary assessment followed by in the order of food frequency questionnaire, dietary record, diet history and weighing method. After estimating food portions by photographs, 30 subjects (81%) were willing to use the method for dietary assessment because of its convenience and easy communication between researcher and subject. This study suggests that digital photography method would be a useful and convenient new instrument for estimating individuals' dietary intake. However, it is necessary to create standard database for food portions and carry out systematic education for food estimation in order to apply this method in the fields.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.404-410
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition and inflammation are reported as the most powerful predictors of mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Diet has a key role in modulating inflammation and dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a new tool for assessment of inflammatory potential of diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of DII on dietary intake of HD patients and examine the associations between DII and malnutrition-inflammation markers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 105 subjects were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements, 3-day dietary recall, and pre-dialysis biochemical parameters were recorded for each subject. Subjective global assessment (SGA), which was previously validated for HD patients, and malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) were used for the diagnosis of protein energy wasting. DII was calculated according to average of 3-day dietary recall data. RESULTS: DII showed significant correlation with reliable malnutrition and inflammation indicators including SGA (r = 0.28, P < 0.01), MIS (r = 0.28, P < 0.01), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.35, P < 0.001) in HD patients. When the study population was divided into three subgroups according to their DII score, significant increasing trends across the tertiles of DII were observed for SGA score (P = 0.035), serum CRP (P = 0.001), dietary energy (P < 0.001), total fat (P < 0.001), saturated fatty acids (P < 0.001), polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.006), and omega-6 fatty acids (P = 0.01) intakes. CONCLUSION: This study shows that DII is a good tool for assessing the overall inflammatory potential of diet in HD patients.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.368-378
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• 2000

This study was conducted to assess dietary intake and quality obtained by 24-hour recall method between Korean-Chinese in Yanbian, China(Korean-Chinese) and Koreans in Kuri, Korea(Koreans). The subjects consisted of 730 Korean-Chinese and 696 Koreans. Mean daily energy intake of Korean-Chinese was 1,788kcal and that of Korean was 1,844kcal. Proportions of energy intake from carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 62.6: 16.9: 14.2 for Korean-Chinese and 65.4: 16.3: 14.4 for Koreans. Nutrient intake levels of Koreans were higher than those of Korean-chinese in most nutrients. Calcium and vitamin $B_2$ intakes as percent of Korean RDA were less than 60% in Korean-Chinese. Koreans consumed calcium and vitamin A in the level less than 80% of Korean RDA. Iron intake level of Korean females was less than 75% of Korean RDA. Korean-Chinese consumed 90.4% of food from plant origin, and Koreans consumed 82.5% of food from plant origin. Mean dietary diversity score(DDS) of Korean-Chinese, $3.00{\pm}0.39$, was significantly lower than that of Koreans, $3.73{\pm}0.76(p<0.05)$. Mean dietary variety score(DVS) of Korean-Chinese, 13.6, was significantly lower than that of Koreans, 20.1(p<0.001). According to these results, some adults in the both Korean-Chinese and Koreans did not consume enough nutrients, especially calcium and vitamin $B_2$ intake for Korean-Chinese and calcium and vitamin A intake for Koreans. Dietary qualities of Korean-Chinese subjects and Korean females were not adequate. In the future, further research to promote dietary quality of Koreans including Korean-Chinese must consider the results of this study.