• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.415-425
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on the metabolic changes of Ca and skeletons in postmenopausal women, using ovariecotomized rats as an animal model. The female rats of 200∼250g were fed either 8%(L) or 50%(H) casein diet for 15 weeks(1st experiment). At 15th week, the rats of each diet group were undergone ovariectomy or sham-operation and they were continued to feed the same experimantal diet for 9 more months(2nd experiment). Ca metabolism, kidney function and bone composition were determined at the end of 1st experiment, 3rd and 9th month of 2nd experiment. After 1st experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion, however, there was no difference in GFR and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The weights, ash and Ca content of femur, scapular and vertebra tended to be higher in high protein groups which tells that high protein promoted skeletal growth. In 2nd experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion and lower Ca absorption and balance. GFR was not affected by dietary protein and ovariectomy but increased with time, as well as kidney weight which shows the continuous development of kidney at this age of 15 month in rats. There were no difference in urinary hydroxyproline, serum ALP, and PTH among experimental groups. The weights of femur, scapular, 4th vertebra increased with time, showing the skeleton continues to grow at this age in rats. However, Ca contents, Ca/wt, Ca/ash were decreased with time and tended to be lower in high protein group especially in femur. In conclusion, prolonged feeding of high protein diet deteriorated Ca metabolism and induced bone loss as time after menopause is extended.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.344-348
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary lipid level on growth and body composition of juvenile red sea bream in low temperatures. Duplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 79 g) were fed one of three isonitronic diets (47% crude protein) containing different lipid levels (10%, 17% and 22%) for 25 weeks during the winter season. Weight gain and survival of fish fed 17% lipid diet were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fish fed the 10% or 22% lipid diet. Protein efficiency ratio, daily feed intake, condition factor, hepatosomatic index and viscerasomatic index were not affected by dietary lipid level, but feed efficiency of fish fed 10% lipid diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fish fed the 17% or 22% lipid diet. Proximate composition of the whole body, liver, viscera and dorsal muscle were not significantly different among all groups except for crude protein content of dorsal muscle. The contents of 16:0, 18:0, 20:4n-3 and 20:5n-3 of the whole body were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary lipid level. The results of this study suggest that an increased dietary lipid level from 10% to 17% can improve growth of juvenile red sea bream in low temperature periods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2014

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary CP levels in gestation under equal lysine content on reproductive performance, blood metabolites and milk composition of gilts. A total of 25 gilts ($F_1$, Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments at breeding in a completely randomized design, and fed 1 of 4 experimental diets containing different CP levels (11%, 13%, 15%, or 17%) at 2.0 kg/d throughout the gestation. Body weight of gilts at 24 h postpartum tended to increase linearly (p = 0.09) as dietary CP level increased. In lactation, backfat thickness, ADFI, litter size and weaning to estrus interval (WEI) did not differ among dietary treatments. There were linear increases in litter and piglet weight at 21 d of lactation (p<0.05) and weight gain of litter (p<0.01) and piglet (p<0.05) throughout the lactation as dietary CP level increased. Plasma urea nitrogen levels of gilts in gestation and at 24 h postpartum were linearly elevated as dietary CP level increased (p<0.05). Free fatty acid (FFA) levels in plasma of gestating gilts increased as dietary CP level increased up to 15%, and then decreased with quadratic effects (15 d, p<0.01; 90 d, p<0.05), and a quadratic trend (70 d, p = 0.06). There were no differences in plasma FFA, glucose levels and milk composition in lactation. These results indicate that increasing dietary CP level under equal lysine content in gestation increases BW of gilts and litter performance but does not affect litter size and milk composition. Feeding over 13% CP diet for gestating gilts could be recommended to improve litter growth.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.35-53
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• 1974

5령기에 있어서 인공사료 중 탄수화물 함량과 단백질 함양의 다소가 누에의 실용형질 및 소화액 Amylase 활성에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 탄수화물 급원으로서 서당과 단백질 급원으로서 대두박 의 수준을 달리한 9종의 입공사료로 사육하여 조사할 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 사료 중 탄수화물 함량과 단백질 함량의 다소는 유충의 증체량 몇 견질에 미치는 영향이 클뿐만 아니라 사료효율에도 영향을 주므로 적량의 대두박 및 서당의 첨가가 필요하다. (2) 유충의 식하양은 증체량이 많은 유충에서 많았다. (3) 사료 중 단백질 함량이 많을수록 유충의 소화량이 많고 소화율이 높았다. 그러나 탄수화물 함량의 다소와 유충의 소화량 및 소화율과는 일정한 경향이 없었다. (4) 유충의 소화액 Amylase 활성과 사료 중 단백질 및 탄수화물 함량과는 일정한 상관관계가 없었으나 잠체내의 탄수화물 농도를 높일 수 있는 사요에서는 활성이 강하였다. (5) 사료 중 단백질 함량의 다소와 잠분 중 조단백질 함량과는 부의 상관관계가 있었고 가용무질소물 함량과는 부의 상관관계가 있었다. 한편 사료 중 탄수화물 함량이 많으면 않을수록 잠분 중 가용질소물 함량은 많아지나 친단백질 함량은 오히려 적어졌다. (6) 인공사료육잠은 상엽육잠보다 Amylase 활성이 강하여도 유충증체량이 적고 견질이 불량하여 경제적 가치가 적었다. (7) 상엽분말이 44% 함유된 5영기 인공사료에 있어서 서당의 최적 함양은 0g이고 대두박의 최적 함량은 40g이었다. (8) 인공사료에 었어서 Amylase 활성을 강하게 할 수 있으나 실용형질이 불량하여 경제적 가치가 없는 것으로 보아 Amylase 활성을 강하게 하는 인공사료의 개발만으로는 산업적인 육잠목표를 달성할 수 없다고 생각한다.량하나, 빠를수록 급격하게 불량하다. 2) 우리나라의 잠기별 잠작은 춘(1~4기), 추(7~10기), 만추(11기), 하(5기) 초추(6기)잠 순으로 불량하였다. 3) 잠작과 영역접배를 고려한 다회 보통육은 1, 3, 8, 10기 등 4회육이 적합하고 조상 4회육은 10기 대신에 11기 대치로 무난하다. 2. 양잠농가의 추잠작 불안정 요인시험 1) 양잠농가의 수견량을 지배한 치명적인 요인은 잠실 잠구의 소독불충분에 의한 병원축적이며 2) 이차적 요인은 사육온습도 관리불량, 배게치기, 적숙엽 선정기술 불량 및 결상총과소 등이며 잠작과 경영구 요소는 관련이 없는것 같다. 3) 견층비율에는 뽕의 엽질이 가장 크게 영향되고, 다음으로 통원누적으로 인한 누에의 건강도에 영향한 것 같다. 3. 육잠기술 지도효과 1) 지도농가의 상자당 수견량 춘잠기 32.3kg, 추잠기 25.8kg으로서 대조 농가보다 각각 20%, 35%가 증수되어 연평균 29.0kg으로서 26%의 증수를 실증하였다. 2) 지도농가의 3등견 이상의 고치는 춘잠기 77.1%, 추잠기 83.7%로서 대조농가보다 각각 14.3%, 11.3%가 많았다. 3) 지도농가의 지도후년도의 상자당 수견중은 춘잠기 31.2kg, 추잠기 26.9kg, 연평균 28.9kg으로서 대조농가보다 각각 3%. 16%, 8%가 증수되였으므로 이는 기술지도의 잔류효과로 인정하였다. 4) 기술수준에 따른 잔류효과는 기술수준 상위농가는 0% 하위농가는 19%이었다. 4. 상엽질의 계절적 변화추이 1) 장잠기 상엽을 주재로 한 인공사료육의 결과는 춘＞ 만추≒하＞추≒＞ 초추의 순으로 우수했다. 2) 치잠기 상엽을 주재로한 인공사료육의 결과는 춘, 만추, 추, 하, 초추 순위의 경향을 보였으나 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 5.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1.1-1.14
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• 2020

Background: Dietary protein requirements are dependent on a variety of factors and water temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting protein requirement of fish. This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement of fry Heteropneustes fossilis which has high demand in most of the Asian markets. Methods: Quadruplicate groups of 30 fish per treatment (2.97 ± 0.65 cm; 5.11 ± 0.34 g) were fed seven isoenergetic diets (17.9 kJ g^-1 gross energy; 14.99 kJ g^-1 digestible energy) containing dietary protein levels ranging from 28 to 52% at two water temperatures (18 and 26 ℃). Experimental diets were fed to apparent satiation as semi-moist cakes thrice daily at 17:00, 12:00, and 17:30 h for 12 weeks. For precise information, various growth parameters, protein deposition, hematological parameters, metabolic enzymes, and stress response were analyzed, and effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement was recommended on the basis of response from above parameters. Results: Groups held at 26 ℃ attained best growth, feed conversion, and protein deposition at 44% dietary protein indicating that temperature affected dietary protein requirement for optimum growth of H. fossilis fry and protein requirement seems to be satisfied with 44% dietary protein. Interestingly, interactive effects of both dietary protein levels and temperature were not found (P > 0.05). Fish reared at 18 ℃ had comparatively higher values for aspartate and alanine transferases than those reared at 26 ℃ water temperature which exhibited normal physiological value for these enzymes indicating that body metabolism was normal at this temperature. Hematological parameters also followed same pattern. Furthermore, fish reared at 26 ℃ water temperature exhibited more resistant to thermal stress (P < 0.05). The 95% maximum plateau of protein deposition data using second-degree polynomial regression analyses exhibited dietary protein requirement of fry H. fossilis between 40.8 and 41.8% of diet at 26 ℃ water temperature. The recommended range of dietary protein level and protein/digestible energy ratio for fry H. fossilis is 40.8-41.8% and 27.21-27.88 mg protein kJ^-1 digestible energy, respectively. Conclusions: Information developed is of high significance for optimizing growth potential by making better utilization of nutrient at 26 ℃ and, to develop effective management strategies for mass culture of this highly preferred fish species.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.273-283
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• 1983

흰쥐와 흰생쥐 암 수 각 30마리씩에 대한 실험개시기와 종료후의 결과로서 나타난 식이에 대한 사양실험, 대사실험, 혈액성분분석 실시 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 증체량은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 동물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 C식이에서 최대를, E식이에서 최저를 나타냈으나 암생쥐는 반대였다. 2. 식이효율은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 동물성 단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했으며 암쥐보다 숫쥐에서 높았다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 증체량과 같은 경향이었으나 암생쥐는 일정경향이 없었다. 암생쥐보다 숫생쥐의 식이효율이 높았다. 3. 단백질효율은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 동물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐의 증체량, 식이효율은 같은 경향이나 암생쥐는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 4. 질소보유율은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 단백질수준이 같을때 섭취질소량에 비례함을 보였다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 동물성 배합비율이 높아질때 증가하였다. 암생쥐는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 질소축적율은 흰생쥐에서 높게 나타나 체내 단백질이용이 흰쥐보다 높음을 알 수 있었다. 5. 혈청성분에서는 혈청 총단백질량은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 차이가 없으나 동물성단백질 배합비율이높아질수록 증가하는 경향이었다. 흰생쥐는 암 수 모두 일정한 경향이 없었다. 혈청요소질소량은 흰쥐의 경우 암 수 모두 식물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했다. 흰생쥐는 알정한 경향이 없었다. 혈청콜레스테롤량은 흰쥐 암 수 모두 단백질배합비율에 관계없이 일정한 경향이 없었다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 식물성단백질 배합비율이 높아질수록 증가했으나 암생쥐는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 6. 위의 결과로 실험식이중의 동물성단백질 배합비율이 높은 A, B식이에서 흰쥐는 증체량, 사료효율, 단백질효율이 좋았다. 흰생쥐는 숫생쥐가 C식이, 암생쥐가 E식이에서 높게 나타났다. 이는 생쥐의 증체량이 이유에서부터 성숙기까지 큰 차이가 없다는 것과 흰쥐와는 다른 단백질수준이 요구된다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1667-1673
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• 2000

The climate and marketing system of raw milk in Taiwan create problems in balance feeding of protein and energy in lactating cows in Taiwan. Level of urea nitrogen both in bulk milk and serum reflects ruminal protein degradation and post-ruminal protein provision, whereas milk protein concentration responds to dietary energy intake and bacterial protein production in the rumen. Establishment of a range of reference standards in milk protein and urea nitrogen levels can be applied as a noninvasive economical feeding guide to monitor the balance of protein and energy intake. Standard reference levels of 3.0% milk protein and 11-17 mg/dL milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were established. Level of milk protein below 3.0% is regarded as indicating inadequate dietary energy whereas MUN below or above the range is regarded as a deficiency or surplus in dietary protein. Results from analysis of bulk a milk samples collected from 174 dairy herds over Taiwan showed that only one quarter (25.29%) of the herds received a balanced intake of protein and energy, 33.33% adequate protein with energy inadequate, 22.99% herds in protein surplus with energy inadequate, 10.35% herds in protein surplus with energy adequate, 4.6% protein deficiency with energy adequate, and 3.45% herds with both protein and energy inadequate. Energy inadequate herds accounted for 60% of the total dairy herds in Taiwan with 56% adequate, 38% surplus and 6% inadequate in protein. In comparing milk sampled from bulk milk on different seasons from Lee-Kang area in the southern Taiwan, the concentrations of milk fat and milk protein were significantly higher in the cool season (February) than in the warm season (August) (p<0.05), whereas the urea nitrogen in the milk was significantly lower in the cool season than in the warm season (p<0.05). This indicated that lactating cows had excess protein and/or inadequate energy intake in the warm season in this area. It appears that the major problem feeding in lactating cows is energy intake shortage, especially during the warm season in Taiwan.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

The effect of various dietary protein levels on growth and body composition of young common carp raised from 56 g to 170 g in recirculating system was investigated for 15 weeks when they were fed to visual satiety three times daily. Five experiemtal diets were formulated to contain 40, 35, 30, 25 and 21% protein levels and 3.56, 3.59. 3.63, 3.66 and 3.69 kcal/g diet GE levels respectively. Mean survival rates of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of o the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) Weight gain (g/tank) of common carp fed the 30% protein diet was the best. However weight gain of the fish fed the 25, 30, 35 and 40% protein diets were not different but significantly better than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet. Feed efficiency ratio of the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them. Protein efficiency ratio for the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them(P>0.05) Dietary protein level had no effect on hemoglobin content in the fish(P>0.05) Crude protein contents of whole body of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21$$\mid$% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Body crude lipid contents of the fish fed the 21 and 25% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 30% or 35% protein diet. Crude ash contents of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Moisture content of the fish fed the 35% protein diet was significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) In considering growth performance of common carp and efficiency of diet dietary protein level could be lowered up to 25% without the reduction of young common carp production in recirculating system.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.777-782
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• 2000

To investigate the effects of growth and body composition of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrix sp.) by the supplemented dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin(DMPT). fish was fed the diets each containing 3 mM, 5 mM, 7 mM and 10 mM for eight weeks. The weight gain, feed efficiency and feed intake were significantly increased with dietary DMPT level. Condition factor was reduced by dietary DMPT supplementation. Crude protein content of fish after eight weeks increased with dietary DMPT level, whereas crude lipid content deceased with dietary DMPT level. Amino acid content was higher in DMPT-added group than control group. Amino acid composition was not influenced by dietary DMPT supplementation. Fatty acid content deceased with dietary DMPT level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1447-1451
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization, small intestine protease activity and immunity index of weaner to 2 month-old New Zealand rabbits. Eighty weaner rabbits were allocated in individual cages to five treatments in which they were fed diets with CP at 14%, 16%, 18%, 20% and 22%, respectively. The growth performance and nutrient digestibility of rabbits increased firstly when dietary CP increased, then decreased. The average daily gain was the highest and feed conversion rate was the lowest when dietary CP reached 20%, namely 34.9 g/d and 2.74:1, respectively. Maximum CP digestibility was 72.1% in the 18% CP group, maximum crude fiber digestibility of 28.4% occurred in the 16% CP group and was significantly different from other treatments (p<0.01), apparent digestibility of Lys and Val followed the same trend as CP digestibility, and reached their maximum when dietary CP was 18%. Apparent digestibility of Cys, Tyr, Leu and Thr also had a similar trend to CP digestibility. Nitrogen retention (RN) increased with CP level (p>0.05), and was highest for 20% CP treatment (1.5 g/d). The effect of CP level on the rate of digestible nitrogen (DN) converted RN was small. The spleen index, thymus index, chymotrypsin and trypsin activities in small intestine were highest when dietary CP was 16%, which were 1.0, 2.8, 15.7 U/g and 125.7 U/g, respectively. There was no significant difference among treatments (p>0.05). According to the above results, the appropriate dietary CP level from weaner to 2 month-old meat rabbits was 18-20%.