• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.255-259
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 이천 게걸무, 강화 순무 및 조선무의 품질 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 일반성분의 경우, 수분 함량은 이천 게걸무 87.78%, 강화 순무 92.73% 및 조선무 91.45%로 게걸무가 다른 무에 비하여 낮았다. 반면에 조단백, 조섬유 및 조회분 함량은 이천 게걸무가 강화 순무와 조선무에 비하여 약 1.7-1.8배, 1.2-1.6배 및 2.0-2.4배 높았다. 식이섬유함량은 이천 게걸무 11.32%, 강화 순무 13.26% 및 조선무 14.20%로 게걸무가 다른 무에 비하여 낮았다. 무기질 함량의 경우, 게걸무의 Mg, K, Ca 함량이 다른 무에 비하여 높았으며 P, Zn, Fe 함량은 다른 무와 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 가수분해 효소로서 소화와 관련된 ${\alpha}-amylase$활성의 측정 결과 이천 게걸무 9.97 unit, 강화 순무 14.87 unit 및 조선무 18.99 unit으로 나타났다. Protease 활성의 경우, 알칼리성은 이천 게걸무와 조선무가 각각 3.02 PU, 3.10 PU의 유사한 수준으로 순무에 비하여 높았고, 산성 protease 활성에서는 게걸무가 가장 높았다. 무의 매운맛 성분 및 기능성 관련 물질로 알려진 myrosinase 활성은 이천 게걸무가 36,990.81 unit으로 강화 순무나 조선무보다 높았다. 결론적으로 이천 게걸무는 강화 순무나 조선무에 비하여 조단백, 회분, 조섬유 및 무기질 중 Na, Mg, K, Ca의 함량이 높고 protease 활성과 myrosinase 활성이 높았다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1203-1208
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• 2007

Feathers are produced in huge quantities as a waste product at commercial poultry processing plants. Since feathers are almost pure keratin protein, feather wastes represent an alternative to more expensive dietary ingredients for animal feedstuffs. Generally they become feather meal used as animal feed after undergoing physical and chemical treatments. These processes require significant energy and also cause environmental pollutions. Therefore, biodegradation of feather by microorganisms represents an alternative method to prevent environment contamination. The aim of this study was to investigate cultural conditions affecting keratinolytic protease production by Bacillus pumilus RS7. We also assessed the nutritive value of microbial and alkaline feather hydrolysates, The composition of optimal medium for the keratinolytic protease was fructose 0.05%, yeast extract 0.3%, NaCl 0.05%, K2HPO4 0.03%, KH2PO4 0.04% and MgCl2 6H2O 0.01%, respectively. The optimal temperature and initial pH was $30^{\circ}C$ and 9.0, respectively. The keratinolytic protease production under optimal condition reached a maximum after 18 h of cultivation. Total amino acid content of feather hydrolysates treated by NaOH and B. pumilius RS7 was $113.8\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $504.9\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Essential amino acid content of feather hydrolysates treated by NaOH and B. pumilius RS7 was $47.2\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $334.0\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Thus, feather hydrolysates have the potential for utilization as an ingredient in animal feed.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2020

본 실험은 육계사료에 효소제와 미생물제제의 첨가가 육계의 생산성, 도체성적, 장내미생물 및 분뇨의 악취성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 병아리(2일령, Ross 308, 육계) 180수를 공시했으며, 대조구와 사료에 metallo-protease를 0.1%, 0.2%씩 첨가한 0.1% EZ군, 0.2% EZ군과 2.0% Bacillus velezensis CE를 사료에 첨가한 M군과 사료와 음수에 2.0%씩 첨가한 MW군으로 나누어, 5처리 3반복으로 반복 당 12수씩 임의배치하였다. 적응기간을 거친 후 전기 3주간, 후기 3주를 포함하여 총 43일 동안 사양하였다. 종료체중, 증체량, 사료요구율, 단백질효율, 에너지효율은 모든 처리에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 도체중, 선위, 근위, 심장, 소장, 맹장, 직장의 무게는 모든 처리에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 간의 무게는 0.1% EZ군이 대조구, M군, MW군보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). Total bacteria 수는 0.1% EZ군과 0.2% EZ군이 대조구, MW군보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). E. coli 수는 MW군이 대조구와 M군보다 유의적으로 낮았으며(P<0.05), M군은 0.2% EZ군과 MW군보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 계분의 황화수소 발생량은 모든 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, 암모니아 발생량은 0.1% EZ군이 MW군 보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 본 실험결과, 단백질 분해 효소제를 0.1% 첨가할 경우 육계의 장기 중 간의 발달에 효과적임을 보였으나, 첨가수준별로 유의적인 차이가 없어 추후 연구가 필요하다고 판단되며, 미생물제제의 첨가는 장내 미생물과 계분의 악취 발생량을 개선시키는 효과가 있음을 보였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2015

We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of two types (powder or liquid) of propolis on innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus against Edwerdsiella tarda. A total of 600 fish averaging 30 g were randomly distributed into 24 tanks in groups of 25. Three tanks were assigned to each of eight experimental diets: 0 (Control), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 % propolis in powder form and 0.25, 0.5 and 1 % propolis in liquid form (PP0.25, PP0.5, PP0.75, PP1, LP0.25, LP0.5 and LP1, respectively). Fish were fed each experimental diet twice daily for four weeks to apparent satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities and total immunoglobulin level were significantly higher in fish fed the PP1 and LP0.5 diets compared to those fed the control diet. The PP1 diet was also associated with a significant increase in anti-protease activity compared to the control diet. After challenge with E. tarda, fish fed the LP0.5 diet showed numerically higher survival compared to the other groups. This study indicates that non-specific immune responses of olive flounder can be enhanced by dietary supplementation with powder and liquid forms of propolis, and that the optimal level would be 1% in powder form or 0.5% in liquid form. It seemed that growth performance and feed utilization are not affected by the propolis supplementation in diets for olive flounder.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2012

농산물 유통과정 및 김치 제조과정 중 발생하는 배추 폐기물의 이용성을 확대하기 위해 이로부터 불용성 식이섬유를 분리하고 혈중 콜레스테롤 저하능을 확인하였다. 배추폐기물을 $121^{\circ}C$/15분 조건에서 추출한 다음, 수용성 물질은 제거하고 남은 박에 전분 및 단백질 분해효소를 처리하여 효소처리된 불용성 식이섬유 분말(EIDF)을 제조하였다. 고지혈증 및 동맥경화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 고지방 식이에 0.1~1%의 EIDF를 첨가하여 이를 흰쥐에 4주 동안 공급하였다. 체중증가량에 대해 p<0.05 수준에서는 유의적인 차이를 확인할 수 없었으나 p<0.1 수준에서는 고지방 식이를 한 경우보다 EIDF를 첨가한 군의 체중이 낮았다. 또한 EIDF는 혈중 중성지방 및 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, VLDL-콜레스테롤의 수준을 낮췄으며, HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 증가시켜 동맥경화지수가 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 EIDF를 투여함에 따라 LDL-콜레스테롤 함량을 2주째 에 66.7%~72.8%, 4주째에 45.1%~56.5%까지 낮춰 배추 폐기물에서 추출한 불용성 식이섬유의 혈중 콜레스테롤 저하능이 우수한 것을 평가할 수 있었으며, 이를 이용하여 부가 가치가 높은 건강기능보조식품으로의 활용이 기대된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.427-428
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• 2020

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.568-577
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• 2017

Vegetables and fruits contain a great deal of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and phytochemicals. Therefore, healthconcious consumer prefer beverage made from fresh fruits and vegetables due to their health benefits. This study was conducted to investigate differences in nutritional composition and sensory characteristics of juices depending on the apparatus used: either a low-speed juicer or high-speed blender. All ingredients could be made into juice without addition of water using the low speed juicer. However, addition of water was necessary to produce juice with the high-speed blender. Phenol and flavonoid content, were higher in juice made with the low-speed juicer than that produced with the high-speed blender and were correlated with DPPH radical scavenging ability. Protease activity of pineapples juices was not significantly different for the two methods, but protease activity of kiwi juice was about 8 times higher in juice made with low-speed juicer than that made with the high-speed blender. SOD activity also tended to be higher in the juice made with low-speed juicer. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the juice made with high-speed blender was higher than that of juice made with a low-speed juicer and was correlated with color change. In addition, the high-speed blender caused an increase juice temperature, but temperature was not changed during use of the low-speed juicer. The noise level of the low-speed juicer was low, but the high-speed blender had high noise intensity comparable to that of railway or aircraft noise. In the sensory evaluation of juice, juice made with the low-speed juicer was preferred over juice made with the high-speed blender. As a result, the overall quality of the juice produced using the low-speed juicer was superior.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2008

Four hundred and forty 1-day-old Arbor Acre broilers were fed commercial starter diets with 0, 250, 750 and 2,250 mg/kg of an alpha-amylase preparation from 1 to 21 days of age to investigate the effects of an exogenous enzyme on growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and anterior intestinal contents and pancreatic amylase mRNA expression. Body weight gain (BWG) and average daily gain (ADG) increased linearly (p<0.01) with increasing levels of supplementary amylase but feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not affected. There was a negative quadratic change of protease and amylase in the small intestinal contents with the increase of supplementary amylase level. The activity of intestinal trypsin was also increased (p<0.05). Lipase was unaffected by amylase supplementation (p>0.05). The pancreatic protease, trypsin, and lipase were not affected by exogenous amylase levels. Consistent with the tendency for a linear depression of amylase activity, pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase mRNA was down-regulated by dietary amylase supplementation. The present study suggested that oral administration of exogenous amylase affected activities of intestinal enzymes and the production of pancreatic digestive enzymes in a dose-dependent manner.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.1144-1154
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• 2018

Both the calcium and collagen in bone powder are hard to be absorbed by the body. Although enzymatic hydrolysis by protease increased the bio-availability of bone powder, it was a meaningful try to further increase $Ca^{2+}$ release, oligopeptide formation and antioxidant activity of the sheep bone hydrolysate (SBH) by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. Lactobacillus helveticus was selected as the starter for its highest protease-producing ability among 5 tested LAB strains. The content of liberated $Ca^{2+}$ was measured as the responsive value in the response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing the fermenting parameters. When SBH (adjusted to pH 6.1) supplemented with 1.0% glucose was inoculated 3.0% L. helveticus and incubated for 29.4 h at $36^{\circ}C$, $Ca^{2+}$ content in the fermented SBH significantly increased (p<0.01), and so did the degree of hydrolysis and the obtaining rate of oligopeptide. The viable counts of L. helveticus reached to $1.1{\times}10^{10}CFU/mL$. Results of Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that LAB viable counts, $Ca^{2+}$ levels, obtaining rates of oligopeptide and the yield of polypeptide were positively correlated with each other (p<0.01). The abilities of SBH to scavenge the free radicals of DPPH, OH and ABTS were also markedly enhanced after fermentation. In conclusion, L. helveticus fermentation can further boost the release of free $Ca^{2+}$ and oligopeptide, enhance the antioxidant ability of SBH. The L. helveticus fermented SBH can be developed as a novel functional dietary supplement product.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1881-1891
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• 2022

Objective: The present study aimed to quantify the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on broiler chickens' performance by employing a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 16 studies were included in the database after being systematically selected using a PRISMA protocol. Hedges' g effect size was used to quantify pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effects models at 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Publication bias among studies was computed with Egger's test and visualized using funnel plots. Results: Results indicated that dietary FSBM inclusion increased final body weight (BW) (SMD = 0.586, 95% CI: 0.221 to 0.951, p = 0.002) of broiler chickens, particularly in starter period (SMD = 0.691, 95% CL: 0.149 to 1.233, p = 0.013) while in the finisher period, the effect was weaker (SMD = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.015 to 1.004, p = 0.043). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected with FSBM inclusion when compared to control. Subgroup analysis revealed that FI increased in starter period (SMD = 0.582, 95% CI: 0.037 to 1.128, p = 0.036). When considering types of microorganism as moderating variables in the subgroup analysis, we found that Aspergillus oryzae, mixed probiotics+bromelain protease, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus bacteria significantly increased ADG and FI (p<0.01). Additionally, either Bacillus subtilis+protease or Bacillus subtilis alone decreased FCR (p<0.001). However, meta-regression analysis showed that levels of FSBM inclusion had no effects on final BW (p = 0.502), ADG (p = 0.588), FI (p = 0.861), and FCR (p = 0.462). Conclusion: Substituting SBM in broiler chickens' diet with FSBM improved BW of broiler chickens, especially in the starter period whereas the effects on ADG, FI, and FCR were mostly dependent on microbial strains used for fermentation.