• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 1996

This study was performed to analyze general components such as, organic acids, alcohols and minerals In persimmon vinegar made with quick fermented using deteriorated sweet persimmon and four commercial vinegars (rice vinegar, apple vinegar, brewed vinegar, traditional persimmon vinegar) purchased In local markets for quality evaluation. The pH and total acidity of all vinegars were in the range of 2.02-3.02 and 4.62-9.78%, respectively The pH of quick fermented persimmon vinegar (A) was relatively higher than that of others. Acidity was the highest in brewed vinegar. Total sugar content was in the range of 0.45-6.43%. These contents were high In were high In traditional persimmon vinegar wherase low in brewed vinegar. Total nitrogen and amino-nitrogen were in the range of 0.025-0.046% and 0.015-0.029%. Organic acids were identified as acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid malic acid, succinic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid. While major minerals of all vinegars were Mg, Ca, and Na, minor minerals were Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1164-1169
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• 2001

A five-week trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic chromium from different sources on growth performance, immune response and serum parameters of weaned pigs. One hundred and eighty Tianjin white pigs weaned at $35{\pm}1$ days of age, were allotted to three treatments with six replicates and10 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed corn-soybean-whey-fishmeal basal diets with either no supplemental Cr, $200{\mu}g/kg$ Cr as chromium picolinate (CrPi), or $200{\mu}g/kg$ Cr as chromium yeast (Cr-yeast). To assess humoral immune response, all pigs were immunized with swine fever virus on day 21 and two pigs from each pen were immunized with pure albumin on day 14. Cell-mediated immunity was measured by determining the double skinfold thickness (DST) of two pigs from each pen before and 24h after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on day 28. The results indicated that: (1) diets with Cr-yeast increased average daily gain (ADG, p<0.05) and tended to increase average daily feed intake (ADFI, p<0.10). Diets with CrPi did not increase ADG and ADFI (p>0.05). (2) Dietary CrPi or Cr-yeast supplementation did not affect blood urea nitrogen, glucose, or cholesterol (p>0.05), but blood urea nitrogen in CrPi and Cr-yeast supplemented groups and blood glucose in the Cr-yeast supplemented group were significantly influenced by sampling days (p<0.05). (3) Serum proteins (TP, ALB, and GLB) were influenced by sampling days (p<0.05), but not by dietary Cr treatment (p>0.10). (4) There were no significant differences among treatments in the titers of albumin antibody and swine fever virus antibody (p>0.05) or DST before and after PHA stimulation (p>0.05), indicating that organic chromium has no significant effect on the immune function of weaning pigs. Therefore, these results agree with other research that the effects of supplemental Cr are variable in weanling pigs.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.444-449
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• 2005

Effect of salt concentration on the quality of Saewoojeot (salted shrimp) fermented at room temperature was evaluated Salted shrimp with three different salt concentration (9, 18 and $27\%$) were prepared with fresh shrimp, and fermented at $20^{\circ}C$ temperatures for 180 days. Amino nitrogen (AN), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and trimethylamine (TMA) contents increased with longer fermentation time and lower salt concentration. AN, VBN and TMA contents in salted and fermented shrimp with $9\%$ salt increased rapidly during fermentation period, while that with 18 and $27\%$ salt maintained its initial level through 180 days of fermentation. When salted and fermented shrimps were fermented at $20^{\circ}C$, all the indexes of fermentation process maintained stable with $27\%$ salt level. Pathogenic bacteria such as pathogenic Echerichia coli, Salmonella spp., were not detected in the manufactured salted and fermented shrimps. However, coliform and yeast disappeared within 180 days and 100 days of storage for 18 and $27\%$ salt, respectively. Gram positive cocci survived until 180 days of storage against $18\%$($10^3-10^6$ CFU/g) and $27\%$($0-10^6$ CFU/g) salt.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2020

The effects of palm oil and soy oil supplementation in broiler chickens on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy was evaluated. In this experiment, 702 one-day-old Ross 308 cross bred chicks with an initial body weight of 42.23±0.05 g (mean±SD) were utilized in a completely randomized treatment design (13 replicates/treatment, 18 chickens/cage) and fed for 35 days with CON (basal diet), T1 (Basal diet + 1.3 % palm oil), and T2 (Basal diet + 1.3% soy oil). From days 1 to 7, the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly affected by the supplementation with palm oil or soy oil. However, from days 7 to 21, BWG showed a tendency to increase compared to that with the control treatment. Moreover, BWG was significantly improved (P<0.05) with palm and soy oil supplementation during the overall experiment in comparison to that with the control diet. In addition, the palm oil-supplemented group had higher BWG than the soy oil treatment group (P<0.05). During the overall experiment, FI tended to increase in the T1 group compared to that in the other groups. There was no significant effect on FCR and nutrient digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy during the overall trial with the supplementation of palm or soy oil. In summary, the inclusion of dietary palm and soy oil has a beneficial effect on the growth performance of broiler chickens.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1342-1349
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β-mannanase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, excreta microflora, blood constituents, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 680 one-d-old Ross 308 (as hatched) broiler chickens were used in a 35-d growth assay. Chicks were sorted into pens with 17 birds/pen and 10 pens/treatment. Treatment diets were contained either 44% or 48% crude protein (CP) soybean meal (SBM) with or without β-mannanase. Results: Using SBM containing 48% CP led to an improvement (p<0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR) from d 1 to 14. Addition of β-mannanase to the diets significantly improved body weight gain (BWG) and FCR from d 1 to 14. During overall experimental period, BWG was affected (p<0.05) by CP level of SBM and inclusion of β-mannanase, but FCR and feed intake were not affected. Carcass characteristics were not influenced by treatment diets. The results showed that digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and energy was not affected by CP level of SBM and/or inclusion of β-mannanase. Among essential amino acids (EAA) apparent digestibility of valine, methionine, and leucine improved (p<0.05) by the addition of β-mannanase to the diets. The results demonstrated that ileal digestibility of DM, N, and energy was not affected by treatment diets. Among EAA, the ileal digestibility of valine and arginine was higher (p<0.05) in the diets containing 48% CP SBM and/or β-mannanase. Excreta Lactobacillus count increased (p<0.05) by the addition of β-mannanase to the diets. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and total protein level were not affected by treatments. Conclusion: Feeding chickens with diets containing 44% CP SBM resulted in detrimental effects on growth performance and digestibility of nutrients, but addition of β-mannanase to the 44% CP diet improved the growth performance of chickens without any effects on carcass characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2023

A total of 96 weanling pigs with an initial body weight of 5.96 ± 0.08 kg were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments and fed experimental weaning diets for 36 days in three phases; phase 1: day 1 to 7; phase 2: day 8 to 21, and phase 3: day 22 to 36. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (CON) containing 334.0 g/kg dried whey versus a lactic acid (LA) supplemented diet containing 313.6 g/kg dried whey with 10 g/kg LA during phase 1; a CON diet containing 200.0 g/kg dried whey versus an LA diet containing 186.0 g/kg dried whey with 7 g/kg LA during phase 2. During phase 3, both CON and LA groups were fed a diet without dried whey and LA. Pigs fed the LA diet had a higher average daily feed intake ADFI (p = 0.014) and reduced (p = 0.035) gain-feed ratio compared to pigs fed CON diet in phase 2. In phase 3, the average daily gain and feed intake were both increased (p = 0.026 and; p = 0.010, respectively) in the pigs previously fed the LA diet than those fed the CON diet. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and, nitrogen, and the digestible energy were decreased (p < 0.05) in the LA diet group on day 7; however, increased (p < 0.05) digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen and digestible energy was observed at the end of phase 2 and 3. In conclusion, the inclusion of LA was inferred to have improved the average daily gain, feed intake, and nutrient digestibility during the late weanling period of pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.587-592
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation with bacillus-based probiotic (Bacillus subtilis, $1.0{\times}10^7CFU/g$; Bacillus coagulans, $2.0{\times}10^6CFU/g$ and Lactobacillus acidophilus, $5.0{\times}10^6CFU/g$) on finishing pigs growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood characteristics and fecal noxious gas content and to determine the optimal addition level of this probiotic preparation. A total of forty eight pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of $90.60{\pm}2.94kg$ were allotted to three dietary treatments (four pigs per pen with four pens per treatment) according to a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatment included: 1) CON (basal diet); 2) BP1 (basal diet+bacillus-based probiotic 0.1%) and 3) BP2 (basal diet+bacillus-based probiotic 0.2%). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. Through the entire experimental period, ADG was improved by 11% (p<0.05) in pigs fed diets supplemented with 0.2% bacillus-based probiotic compared to pigs fed the basal diet. ADFI and gain/feed were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Supplementation of bacillus-based probiotic did not affect either DM and N digestibilities or blood characteristics (p>0.05) of pigs. Fecal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) measured at the end of experiment was reduced (p<0.05) when pigs were fed the diet with 0.2% bacillus-based probiotic. Fecal butyric acid concentration also decreased significantly (p<0.05) whereas acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations were not affected (p>0.05) when pigs were fed diets with added bacillus-based probiotic. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of bacillus-based probiotic can increase growth performance and decrease fecal noxious gas content concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of the diets supplemented with lard or prilled fat ($Carolac^{(R)}$) on lactation performance, plasma constituents and ruminal characteristics of Holstein cows under a warm climate. In trial 1, 18 Holstein cows, 14 primiparas at 43 DIM and 4 multiparas at 55 DIM, were randomly assigned into six $3{\times3}$ Latin squares, in which three dietary treatments were isoproteinous but varying in energy contents and three 21 d periods. The treatments were basal diet (Control), basal diet supplemented with 2.5% lard (LD), and basal diet supplemented with 2.5% commercial Prilled fat (PF). In trial 2, three rumen canulated pregnant nonlactating Holstein cows with 550 kg average body weight were allotted into a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with diets same as in trial 1 were fed to the cows at the level of 1.5% body weight on dry matter (DM) basis. The results indicated that the DM intake did not differ among the treatments. Milk yield and 4% FCM yield were greater (p<0.05) in PF than in Control. LD and PF resulted in greater milk fat percentage. Protein, lactose and solid contents in milk were not different among the three dietary treatments. The concentration of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma was significantly greater in LD and PF than that in Control. However, the concentrations of triglycerides, urea nitrogen, and cholesterol in plasma were not significantly different among the three treatments. Although the ruminal molar percentage of isobutyrate in LD and PF was greater, no significant difference was observed in ruminal pH, NH3-N concentration and VFA production among the three treatments. Diet supplemented with fat can improve milk yield and milk fat percentage without resulting in disadvantages of ruminal characteristics in cows at early lactation and under warm climate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.305-327
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• 1999

In the paper insight is given in the legislation policy to restrain environmental pollution by pig husbandry, focused on The Netherlands (Mineral Accounting System). Besides, nutritional measures are presented to reduce environmental pollution by lowering excretion of N and P, emphasizing (multi) phase feeding, the use of low protein, synthetic amino acids supplemented diets, phytase and its effect on phosphorus and calcium digestibility, its interaction with phytic acid and proteins, and the environmental impact of the use of phytase in pig diets. Also, nutritional means are indicated to reduce ammonia volatilization from pig operations. It is concluded that nutrition management can substantially contribute to reduction of N and P excretion by pigs, mainly by lowering dietary protein levels, (multi) phase feeding and the use of microbial phytase, and that the use of phytase on a large scale in The Netherlands has a tremendous environmental impact. In 20 years the excretion of P in growing-finishing pigs has more than halved. Ammonia emission from manure of pigs can be reduced substantially by lowering dietary protein content, but also by including additional non-starch polysaccharides in the diet. A very promising method to reduce ammonia emission is to manipulate dietary cation-anion difference, e.g. by adding acidifying salts to the diet, which will lower pH of urine substantially. Further research is desirable. This also applies to determining dietary factors influencing the odour release from manure. Finally, some speculation on the future of pig farming from an environmental viewpoint is presented.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.872-876
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate Biocom (a protein source containing a high level of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine) as a replacement for glutamine (Gln) in nursery pig diets. Forty-two pigs (fourteen pigs per treatment) weaned at 28 d of age were used in a 28-d performance trial using three dietary treatments: control (no Gln), control supplemented with Gln or Biocom. The control diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, whey and fish meal. Individual body weight, pen feed disappearance and diarrhea were monitored. On d 0, 2, 7 and 14 postweaning, respectively, five pigs per treatment were selected and bled from the anterior vena cava to obtain five replicate samples of blood on each dietary treatment for determination of blood biochemical index. Dietary supplementation of Gln and Biocom did not influence performance, plasma Gln and total serum protein concentration (p>0.05). However, the addition of Gln and Biocom could prevent serum urea nitrogen and serum cortisol from increasing on d 2 postweaning (p<0.05). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in any of the examined parameters between Gln- and Biocom-supplemented diets. In conclusion, dietary Gln did not influence the performance of early-weaned piglets owing to the complex diet containing whey, but could prevent the increase of serum urea and cortisol. Biocom could be used as a replacement for free pure Gln without any negative effect on early-weaned piglets.