• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.683-696
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• 2019

This study examined the nutritional status and dietary behaviors of university students in Gangwon-do as well as the effects of dietary education on them. Forty college students were recruited, and their dietary lifestyle was examined using an Adult NQ questionnaire before and after dietary education. The questionnaire items were grouped into four categories: balance, diversity, moderation, and dietary behavior. The mean NQ score out of 100 was 48.00. Among the three grades of the NQ grade criteria, most subjects (50%) were in the lowest grade, which was poor. The mean scores of the NQ factors were highest for moderation (68.76%), followed in order by diversity (50.81%), dietary behavior (45.66%), and balance (21.01%). Compared to the criterion value, moderation was only good, and balance was the worst. These results suggest that the nutritional status of the subjects is poor. On the other hand, there was a significant change in the areas of the NQ score (53.7), balance (29.22) and dietary behavior (56.77) after dietary education. Nevertheless, the 'balance' area remained lower than the average, highlighting the need for education on food intake to enable diverse food intake.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.647-686
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate selected nutrient intakes, dietary atherogenesity, energy balance and activity level of college students. One hundred and thirty onoe students (61 males and 70 females) made their three-day dietary records and one-day activity records along with one-day dietary records. BMI of the surveyed students was 22.33 for males and 20.28 for females. Average calorie intakes of male and female students was respectively 2166.20kcal and 1793.60kcal. Females had slightly higher fiber intakes than males in terms of fiber g/1000kcal. Carbohydrate, protein and fat ratios in energy composition of males and females were respectively 56.62 : 15.33 : 24.70 and 57.64 : 16.49 : 25.79. Average cholesterol intakes of male and female students were 295.66mg and 259mg respectively. The male showed higher saturated fat intake. and had higher atherogenic indices of diets such as cholesterol index(CI) and cholesterol-saturated fat index(CSI) than the female. Males spent an average of 1039.00 kcal/day compared to females of 687.93 kcal/day for all physical activities. Most students participated in light (100% of males and females) and moderate (33% of males and 3% of females) activities level. Few students spent time at severe and very severe activity level. Seventeen of the 131 students were in positive energy balance whereas 83% were in negative balance. Both genders with positive energy balance tended towards smaller weight and BMI, and larger food intakes than those with negative energy balance. Students with positive energy balance had higher saturated fat intakes and dietary atherogenic scores of CI and CSI than the counterparts with negative energy balance. Males with positive energy balance had decreased physical activity and daily energy expenditure whereas increased food and saturated fat intakes. Females with positive energy balance had singificantly increased food, saturated fat and sugar intakes.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1998

This study was conducted to determine the interaction of dietary wheat bran and dietary calcium levels n)n calcium utilization in post-breeding female rats. It was designed to compare the effects of four different levels (2.5, 5, 10 and 20%) of wheat bran and two different levels (0.5 and 1%) of calcium on bone and calcium balance in post-breeding female rats over a ten-week period. The effects of diet on animal weight gain, serum calcium, femur weight, femur calcium concentration, bone mass and calcium balance were determined and statistically analyzed. The addition of 20% wheat bran significantly (p$\leq$0.05) decreased the weight gain of rats. Serum calcium and bone calcium contents were more affected by dietary calcium level than by dietary wheat bran level. There was no significant difference in fat-free solid, ash, percentage of ash to fat-free solid and percentage of calcium to ash among groups. Groups fed the 1% calcium diet had a higher percentage of calcium to fat-free solid. All rats were in positive calcium balance during the three-4ay experimental period. The average calcium balance of the rats fed 1% calcium diet ranged from 25.34 to 53.90mg and the average calcium balance of the rats fed the 0.5% calcium diet ranged from 26.71 to 32.90mg. In rats receiving 2.5% wheat bran, the difference in calcium balance between the group fed the 1% calcium diet and the group fed the 0.5% calcium diet was only 1.37mg, which was not significantly (p$\leq$0.05) different. In rats receiving 20% wheat bran, the difference in calcium balance between the group fed the 1% calcium diet and the group fed the 0.5% calcium diet was 19.S7mg, which was significantly (p$\leq$0.05) different. The addition of wheat bran caused an increase in the calcium balance of the rats adminslesed the 1% calcium diet. On the other hand, the addition of wheat bran had no effect on the calcium balance of the rats adminislesed the 0.5% calcium diet. In conclusion, calcium utilization of rats wire more positively affected by the interaction of both dietary wheat bran levels and dietary calcium levels than either dietary wheat bran levels or dietary calcium levels alone. Moderate wheat bran consumption did not interfere with the calcium metabolism of rats when calcium intake was high enough.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.132-141
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to choose the assessment method of usual energy in take for epidemiological study. Energy intakes of 30 female college students estimated by frequency questionnaires and energy balance method were compared with that obtained by dietary record. The results are summarized as follows. Assessment of mean energy intakes by dietary record frequency questionnaires energy balance method were 156.2Kcal, 1517Kcal, 1878.0Kcal respectively. There was no significant difference between energy intake by dietary record and that by frequency questionnaire. Frequency questionnaire covers 4 weeks energy intake and it can be substituted for dietary record. Although energy intake by energy balance method was significantly different from that obtained by dietary record it shows high correlation with anthropometric and obesity indices and energy expenditure of the subjects.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.102-113
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among dietary behavior, meal balance, and clinical symptoms related nutritional status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in preschool children. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects were 3~6 years old preschool children in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into an ADHD dispositions group(n=88) and a normal group(n=129) based on assessments conducted by the children's mother using the Abbreviated Conners's Parent Rating Scale. There was no significant difference in meal frequency, meal speed, meal regularity or meal balance between children with ADHD dispositions and the normal groups. The ADHD disposition group had a higher proportion of children with picky eating(p<0.05), too much snacking(p<0.05) and over eating (p=0.05) habits than the normal group. In addition, the ADHD dispositions group had a higher frequency of clinical symptoms such as 'breathlessness when going up stairs', 'sleeplessness', 'anxiety' and 'tiredness'. Overall, there was a significant relationship between ADHD disposition and dietary problems and clinical symptoms related to poor nutritional status in preschool children. Therefore, to prevent and treat ADHD in preschool children, proper dietary management such as correcting of picky eating, over snacking and overeating is needed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of socioeconomic status on the eating-out satisfaction, eating-out expenditure, meal balance and dietary attitude of 251 married females in Youngnam Area. The monthly frequency of eating out with family was 2.5 visits with an expenditure of 116,000 won in this study. Korean food was the most frequently selected type of board for breakfast, lunch and dinner. The respondents satisfied with the taste of the food the most, whereas least satisfied with the sanitation. The average expenditure for eating-out was 62,000 won per visit with the average of 39,000 won in the lowest income group and 78,000 won in the highest one. Regarding the meal balance score, the overall score was 3.48 with the lowest score(2.98) being recorded for the dairy products and the highest score(3.95) for vegetables. As for the dietary attitude score, breakfast scored the highest(3.79) and consideration of balanced workload, exercise, rest and dining activities received the lowest score(2.57). Meal balance and attitude scores were not significantly different among the eating-out expenditure levels. The eating-out expenditure demonstrated a positive correlation with total food expenditures, household income, educational attainment and others. The low income group who had low meal balance scores and dietary attitude scores tended to spend proportionally more on eating-out. In conclusion, the studies revealed that the respondents favored the Korean food and did not satisfied with the sanitation most when eating-out. In terms of eating-out expenses, the group with the highest income and educational attainment spent the most on eating-out and food expenditures.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.223-236
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• 1989

To evaluate the differences of the levels and sources of protein intake human protein metabolism, an 26-day metabolic balance study was conducted in 10 healthy Korean adult females. In the pre-study, the subjects recorded their own diets for 3 days. The metabolic balance study consisted of 6-day adaptation period, 10-day moderate protein period(60-65g/d) and 10-day high protein period(90-95g/d). During the moderate and high protein period, 5 subjects were fed the higher animal protein meals and the other 5 subjects were fed the high plant protein meals. Body weight, nitrogen balance and blood chemistries were monitored through out the study. The urine volume were sighificantly larger in the animal protein group and, the dietary fiber and fecal weights were significantly heavier in the plant protein diet group. But no statistically significant differences were found between the two dietary groups in apparent nitrogen digestability, urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen balance. Body weight, serum protein, albumin and HDL-cholesterol levels were not changed, but serum total cholesterol level in the animal protein diet group was elevated significantly from 143.8mg/dl on moderate potein diet to 173.0mg/dl on high proetin diet. In conclusion, from the observation of this short-term N balance study, plant diet on the adequate level of calorie and protein intake had almost the same effect of animal protein diet for protein maintenace in adults.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the diversity of food intake and nutrient intake among Korean college students participating in a nutrition education class via the internet. The subjects were 796 college students throughout South Korea (278 males, 518 females). A 3 days dietary recall survey was conducted and results were analyzed using the Computer-aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Dietary variety was assessed by DDS (dietary diversity score), MBS (meal balance score), and DVS (dietary variety score). Dietary quality was assessed by NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), and MAR (mean adequacy ratio). As the DDS, MBS and DVS increased, the NAR and MAR improved. The subjects with a DDS of above 4 or a MBS of above 10 or a DVS of above 11 met two-thirds of the Korean recommended dietary allowance for most nutrients. The DDS, MBS and DVS correlated positively and significantly with the NAR and MAR. Associations between the NAR and high levels of DVS were more positive than those between the NAR and the DDS. Based on these results, the food intake of these subjects was not adequate. Specially, the dietary intake of calcium and iron were not adequate. Therefore, dietary guidelines should be made considering nutritional characteristics so as to improve the intake from all of the major food groups and provide a variety of foods in their diets.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1995

Effects of dietary protein sources and their amino acid compositions on the liver and plasma cholesterol levels in growing Single Comb white Leghorn male chicks were studied. A diet containing isolated soy protein (21% cp) was supplemented with 0.5% DL-methionine and 0.3% L-glycine. and another diet containing casein(21% cp) was supplemented with 1.5% L-arginine HCl, 0.4% DL-methionine. and 1.0% L-glycine. Plasma cholesterol level was markedly lower in groups force-fed the diets containing either soy protein or casein supplemented with amino acids compared to those found in birds fed corresponding diets without amino acids supplementation. The cholesterol lowering effect of the casein diet. when balanced with various supplemental amino acids appeared to be due to arginine instead of methionine or glycine. It is likely that amino acid balance rather than the composition of a specific amino acid is one of the major factors determining the effect of dietary protein sources on the blood cholesterol levels in chicks.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 1991

To investigate a possible effect of pectinate(apple and carrot) and alginate (tangle or green laver) on blood pressure and sodium retention, male spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were assigned to 5 different experimental groups and fed diets containing 5% dietary fiber and 1% NaCl for 3 weeks. Dietary fibers were provided from one of the followings : cellulose, freeze dried apple, carrot, tangle(Undardia pinnatifda) or green laver(Monostroma nitidium). Fecal sodium excretion did not change significantly among the groups, however, urinary sodium excretion was increased in groups fed either carrot. tangle or green laver compared to group fed cellulose. Sodium balance was also negative in groups fed either carrot, tangle or green laver. most effectively in green laver group. Blood pressure of groups fed apple. carrot. tangle or green laver were decreased, especially those of group fed tangle, compared to those of group fed cellulose. Dietary fiber containing alginate. such as tangle and green laver, might have cellular binding capacity to sodium so that increased urinary sodium excretion and decreased blood pressure occur.