• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.229-244
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• 2005

Objectives: An investigative effort was made to provide basic data upon which effective public health education can be constructed for schools. Methods: The research was made by delivering self-administered questionnaires to 536 men and women with unknown names from a national university during 1-month period on September of 2004. The questionnaire items included preventive attitudes, interests, anxiety, health behavior, consciousness, etc. centering upon life-style related diseases. Results and Conclusions: The preventive attitudes against life-style related diseases was of a higher level in female than male students, The smaller number of students had knowledge of the definition of life-style related diseases, willingness to learn, and gathered information on them. The number of students who had anxiety about them was also small and as low as 54.3% of students were willing to undertake periodic health examination. A great variation ranging from 4.7% to 81.7% was shown in the accuracy rate of answers on the questions asking about three leading causes of death, overconsumption of dietary salt, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and colon cancer. With regard to health behaviors, a smaller number of students were involved in health behaviors. On the other hand, $25.7{\sim}35.1%$ of students had everyday exercises and breakfasts, 65.5% had no tobacco use. The study results showed that the survey subjects had deficient knowledge as well as a low level of preventive attitudes and interests against life-style related diseases. Moreover, their health behavior and health consciousness were undesirable apart from their low rates of taking periodic health examinations. Accordingly, the college students should be encouraged to take health education and to make more effective the existing health education in the university.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.620-629
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary and the living habits of 606 university students located in the Chonnam area. The subjects included 290 freshmen (47.9%) and 316 undergraduate students (52.1%). This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Most students (73.9%) skipped breakfast because of lack of time (65.8%) of the cases. Self-reported eating habits problems were eating irregular meal (52.8%), overeating (21.1%), unbalance diet (13.0%) and skipping meal (7.3%). The type of favorite snack was biscuit (31.8%) and cup Ramyon(31.8%). The weight control was higher in freshmen compared to undergraduate. The rates of smoking in freshmen and undergraduate were 21.0% and 26.6% respectively. The coffee intake and alcohol drinking frequency was higher in undergraduate compared to freshmen. The living habits of undergraduate students were undesirable. Therefore they should have a nutritional program to improve their food habits and the dietary behaviors for students' health. And nutritional education program should be organized practically and systematically.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.449-464
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• 2019

골다공증은 뼈 조직의 미세 구조 이상으로 골밀도가 감소되어 뼈의 골절율이 증가하는 질환이며 노인에게 있어 심각한 합병증을 증가시킨다. 이러한 골다공증의 2가지 위험요인은 청소년기 및 성인기에 낮게 형성된 최대 골질량과 폐경 및 노화로 인해 골질량이 빠르게 손실되는 것이다. 위험요인들은 복합적으로 연관되어 유발되는데 유전적 요인과 고령, 폐경, 호르몬, 칼슘, 비타민 D의 섭취, 단백질의 섭취부족과 카페인 섭취 등이 보고되고 있다. 북한이탈주민의 경우 북한에서 식량난으로 말미암아 골질량이 낮게 형성되어 있을 가능성이 커서 골다공증 위험군이라고 할 수 있지만 연구가 부족한 상황이다. 이에 이 연구는 골다공증 발병 위험이 높을 것으로 예상되는 북한이탈 여성들의 뼈 건강 상황을 알아보고 북한과 남한에서의 식생활과의 관련사항을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 고려대학교 북한이탈주민 (NORNS) 코호트에서 추출하였는데 골밀도 검사와 식이조사를 마친 여성 총 110명이었다. 북한에서의 식생활은 국민건강영양조사에서 사용하는 식품안정성 질문으로 알아보았고, 남한에서의 식생활은 24시간 회상법과 국민건강영양조사에서 사용하는 식품섭취빈도조사 설문지를 수정하여 알아보았다. 대상자의 사회경제교육수준, 체중과 신장 등은 검진의 일환으로 수집되었다. 이중에너지 방사선법 (DEXA)으로 척추와 대퇴골 골밀도를 측정하였다. 골밀도 진단기준으로 폐경전 여성은 z-값이 -2.0이상인 연령 기대치 이내 대상자, 폐경 후 여성은 t-값이 -1.0이상인 대상자를 골밀도 정상범위군으로, 폐경 전 여성으로 z-값이 -2.0이하는 연령 기대치 이하 대상자와 폐경 후 여성으로 t-값이 -1.0미만인 대상자를 골밀도 이상군으로 분류하였다. 골밀도 정상범위군은 62.7% (69명), 골밀도이상군은 37.3% (41명)로 나타났는데 정상군이 이상군에 비하여 어렸고 ($40.8{\pm}6.1$세 vs $60.2{\pm}8.2$세, p < 0.001) 복부둘레가 가늘었다 ($77.0{\pm}8.6cm$ vs $82.1{\pm}8.3cm$, p = 0.004). 또한 정상군은 14.5%가 폐경된 반면 이상군은 100% 폐경이 되었다 (p < 0.001). 식품섭취빈도조사로 주당 평균섭취빈도를 비교했을 때, 정상군이 이상군에 비하여 우유 (4.9회 vs 1.9회, p = 0.03), 요거트 (3.7회 vs 2.5회, p = 0.015), 우유 및 유제품군 (3.2회 vs 1.6회, p = 0.007)을 더 자주 섭취하였다. 정상군 ($146.3{\pm}143.2mg$)은 동물성 칼슘을 이상군 ($78.4{\pm}99.9mg$)보다 많이 섭취하였으며 (p = 0.009), 칼슘 평균필요량보다 미만으로 섭취한 분율이 정상군이 49.3%, 이상군은 78.0%로 이상군이 약 1.5배 높게 나타났다. 영양소 질적지수에서 칼슘을 제외한 나머지 영양소는 1이상으로 나타났고 단백질과 인질적지수가 정상범위군에서 유의하게 높았다 (p < 0.05). 두 그룹 간에 북한에서의 식품안정성 차이는 없었다. 이 연구를 통하여 고령의 북한이탈 여성이 골다공증 위험군임을 파악하였으며 뼈 건강에 중요한 영양소인 칼슘 섭취가 낮은 수준임을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구는 코호트 자료를 활용하였으나 골밀도 검사와 식이조사가 같은 시기에 이루어져서 인과관계를 파악하는데 한계가 있다. 24시간 회상법의 경우 하루만 진행하였기에 평상시 식생활을 반영하기에는 어려움이 있지만 식품섭취빈도조사도 같은 결과를 보였기에 신뢰할 수 있는 결과라고 하겠다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 북한이탈 여성에 대한 반드시 뼈 건강에 대한 건강증진 프로그램이 필요하다고 하겠다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.301-312
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• 2011

Firefighters and police officers have the third highest prevalence of obesity among 41 male occupational groups in the United States (US). However, few studies have examined the relationship of firefighter working conditions and health behaviors with obesity. This paper presents a theoretical framework describing the relationship between working conditions, health behaviors, and obesity in firefighters. In addition, the paper describes a detailed study plan for exploring the role of occupational and behavioral risk factors in the development of obesity in firefighters enrolled in the Orange County Fire Authority Wellness Fitness Program. The study plan will be described with emphasis on its methodological merits: adopting a participatory action research approach, developing a firefighter-specific work and health questionnaire, conducting both a cross-sectional epidemiological study using the questionnaire and a sub-study to assess the validity of the questionnaire with dietary intake and physical activity measures, and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the body mass index as an obesity measure in comparison to skinfold-based percent body fat. The study plan based on a theoretical framework can be an essential first step for establishing effective intervention programs for obesity among professional and voluntary firefighters.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.376-382
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• 2017

Purpose: The consistent rise in the number of foreign students in Korea demands an accurate and detailed investigation into their dietary practices and nutritional status. For these international students, assimilation into new cultures can be stressful. The influence this process may have on dietary behaviors as well as overall health cannot be overlooked. Methods: The researchers in this study sought to investigate the nutritional status and dietary practices of Ghanaian students studying in Korea. A total of 81 Ghanaian male students with an average age of $29.4{\pm}4.0years$ were sampled between May and June 2016. Investigations were carried out on the general characteristics of the participants, their daily food and nutrient intakes using a 24-h dietary recall method, meal skipping practices, and the nutritional quality of their diets based on their meal skipping habits. Results: The study revealed that the daily nutrient intake of subjects did not fully meet the daily recommended nutrient intake (RNI) established by Ghanaian Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), particularly for energy, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B2 requirements. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) for calcium was very low, posing a deficiency risk to the participants. Meal skipping practices among participants changed significantly after arriving in Korea. The study also compared the diet quality indicators (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio and Mean Adequacy Ratio) of those who skipped meals ${\geq}7times/week$ with those who skipped meals < 7 times/week. Participants who skipped meals ${\geq}7times/week$ were shown to have lower dietary intakes of vitamins B1 and B2 than those who skipped meals < 7 times/week. Conclusion: Ultimately, the study found that meal skipping among Ghanaian students was common, and their daily nutrient intakes did not meet the set dietary standards. Those who skipped meals ${\geq}7times/week$ had lower dietary intakes of vitamins B1 and B2 than those who skipped meals < 7 times/week. Based on our study findings, we recommend that nutrition education should be organized for the Ghanaian student community in Korea using our results as a template to draw up a nutrition program that is culturally appropriate.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.1366-1374
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• 2016

노인은 면역취약집단으로 다른 인구 집단보다 만성질환과 식품매개 질병에 걸릴 위험이 크며 식행동은 오랜 세월 굳어져 왔기 때문에 변화하기가 쉽지 않다. 노인을 대상으로 건강신념모델을 적용하여 식품안전 영양교육 프로그램을 시범 적용하고 그 효과를 평가하였다. 식품안전 영양 시범 교육은 서울 마포, 충북 청주, 경북 의성, 충북 진천의 노인복지관을 이용하는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 2011년 7월 28일부터 9월 9일까지 총 5주간 매주 1회, 35~40분씩 교육을 시행하였다. 교육 전후 조사가 완료된 최종 연구대상은 교육군이 5회 교육 중 3회 이상 교육에 참여하고 교육 전후 평가를 마친 대상자로 137명, 대조군은 사후 설문조사를 하지 않거나 불성실한 응답자를 제외한 83명으로 총 220명이었다. 교육은 건강신념모델을 적용하여 노인들이 식습관을 변화하지 않을 경우 질병 가능성을 알려 심각성을 인지하도록 하였으며 노인들이 식행동 수정 시 얻게 되는 이들을 알려주고 행동을 실행할 수 있도록 자아효능감을 제공해주고자 하였다. 교육 후 식품안전 영양지식은 모든 항목에서 향상을 보였으며, 식품안전 영역 5문항 중 4문항, 영양 영역 3문항 중 2문항에서는 유의적인 향상을 보였다. 식행동은 교육군에서 '고기, 생선류는 조리 시 속까지 완전히 익힌다'를 제외한 모든 항목에서 유의적인 향상을 보였다. 건강신념은 식품안전의 영역에서는 인지된 심각성과 자아효능감, 영양 영역에서는 인지된 민감성, 인지된 장애, 자아효능감에서 유의적인 향상을 보였다. 지식, 식행동, 건강신념 변화량의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 건강신념의 변화량과 식행동의 변화 가능성 간의 유의적인 상관관계를 보였다(P<0.001). 본 연구의 참여 대상자들이 일반 재가 노인보다 복지관에서 봉사하거나 활동하는 노인이었기 때문에 표본의 대표성이 떨어져 결과를 일반화하기에 어려움이 있다. 또한, 교육기간이 5주로 비교적 짧았기 때문에 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 형성된 식행동이 쉽게 변화하거나 개선되기 어려우므로 장기간에 걸친 반복교육이 필요할 것으로 생각한다. 본 연구에서 개발된 교육프로그램을 향후 보건소나 복지관 등을 통해 지속해서 시행 된다면 노인의 식품안전 영양에 대한 인식을 높이고 바람직한 식행동 변화에 긍정적인 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.409-418
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• 2020

Objectives: This study conducted an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of trends in healthy lifestyle behaviors in Japan. Methods: We used National Health and Nutrition Survey data on salt intake and prevalence of smoking, drinking, and physical activity between 1995 and 2018 in Japan. Age groups were defined from 20 years to 69 years old in 10-year increments. Cohorts were defined for each age group of each year with a 1-year shift, and cohorts born in 1926-1935 (first cohort) until 1989-1998 (last cohort) were examined. We conducted a Bayesian APC analysis, calculating estimated values for each behavior by age group, period, and cohort. Results: Estimated salt intake decreased from cohorts born in the 1930s to the 1960s, but increased thereafter in both genders, and the magnitude of increase was larger for men. Estimated smoking prevalence increased in the cohorts starting from the 1930s for men and the 1940s for women, and then decreased starting in the cohorts born in the 1970s for both genders. Although estimated drinking prevalence decreased starting in the cohorts born in approximately 1960 for men, for women it increased until the cohorts born in approximately 1970. Estimated physical activity prevalence decreased starting in the cohorts born in the 1940s in both genders, but the magnitude of decrease was larger for women. Conclusions: Trends in cohort effects differed by gender, which might be related to changes in the social environment for women. Improvements in dietary and exercise habits are required in more recently born cohorts of both genders.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.646-658
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in households, parental perception, and dietary behaviors of preschool children from kindergartens with environment-friendly food service (environment-friendly food service group; EFG) versus children from kindergartens with general food service (general food service group; GFG). We sought this basic information to examine the impact of environment-friendly agricultural products in preschool food services. Age, education level, and monthly family income of the EFG were significantly higher than the GFG. The frequency of purchasing environment-friendly agricultural products was significantly higher in the EFG than the GFG, with the most frequently purchased items in both groups being vegetables. The GFG had a significantly higher perception than the EFG in the superior quality of environment-friendly agricultural products; however, a greater proportion of the GFG than the EFG thought environment-friendly products were too expensive. The most frequent reason for purchasing environment-friendly agricultural products in both groups was safety. When purchasing environment-friendly agricultural products, the most important selection factor for the majority of both groups was the label certifying quality assurance. Both groups also considered price reduction as essential for promoting environment-friendly agricultural products. In regard to parental perceptions on food service in kindergarten, the EFG had a significantly higher satisfaction with the nutritional adequacy of the menu compared to the GFG. Both groups considered food safety and health as primary reasons for using environment-friendly foods in the preschool food service, with a greater proportion of the EFG than the GFG responding this way. There were significant differences between the EFG and GFG, as the main satisfaction from using environment-friendly foods in the EFG was safety, freshness, and good hygiene, whereas the main satisfaction in the GFG was a good food service menu, freshness and good hygiene. Dietary behaviors of preschool children in the EFG were also significantly superior to the GFG. Thus, environment-friendly agricultural products have positive effects on the dietary behaviors of preschool children and should be increased in the preschool food service. Lowering prices and a strict supervision of quality assurance is also necessary to promote consumption of environment-friendly food materials.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.623-636
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• 2012

Health Belief Model is a socio-psychological theory of decision making to individual health-related behaviors. This study was aimed to develop an effective education program for hypertension based on health belief model. The main factors of health belief model were investigated by focus group interview (FGI) with 23 hypertensive or prehypertensive subjects aged over fifty years. 'Perceived susceptibility' to hypertension was family history, neglect of health care, preference for salty food, broth of soup and stew. Lifelong medication, complications, and medical costs were reported as 'perceived severity' of hypertension. 'Perceived benefits' of hypertension management were decrease of medicinal dose, reduction of medical costs, and healthy eating habits of the family, while 'perceived barriers' were lack of palatability of low salt diet, convenience-oriented dietary habits, and limited choice of foods when eating out. Subjects mentioned TV health programs, public health center programs, and advice from doctors and family as 'cues to action' of hypertension management. These qualitative information provided basis for developing a nutrition education program for hypertension which could be implemented in the public health center. Eight week program was composed of understanding hypertension, risk factor management (eating habits, weight), low salt diet (principles, cooking), advanced management for healthy diet in 2 sessions, and summary. Each session was designed to alert the susceptibility and severity, to emphasize the benefits, and to reduce the barriers by providing dietary monitoring, practical advice, and action tips.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1225-1235
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of parents' oral health management behavior towards children on children's oral health. Methods: Dental examination were done to 82 children, and a survey was conducted to 82 parents of them. This researcher conducted multiple regression analysis to figure out how parents' oral health management behavior towards their children influences their oral health condition. Results: Among the kinds of parents' oral health management behavior towards their children, when they received a lower score in guidance for dietary control, children tended to have more dt index. Among the kinds of parents' oral health management behavior towards their children, guidance for tooth brushing and guidance for oral care influenced their children's O'leary index. When they received a higher score in guidance for tooth brushing and guidance for oral care, their children's O'leary index became lower. Conclusions: This study has found that parents' dietary guidance provided to children influences their dt index, and O'leary index, one of the major causes of dental caries, is influenced by parents' guidance for tooth-brushing and guidance for oral care. Therefore, we should realize that according to the degree of parents' interest in children's oral care, children's state of oral health can be changed, and parents should acquire proper knowledge about oral health and instruct and train their children desirably.