• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2001

Field experiments were conducted to find out the effec- tive control measures with some bases alone and in combination with Dichlorvos and Dimethoate for the whitefly Aleuroclava sp. Singh in the mulberry garden. Four common bases marketed in India Soda, Sunlight, Nirma and Surf at 1% concentration and their synergists with 0.02% Dichlorvos and 0.03% Dimethoate applied to mulberry plants reduced the whitefly by 46-95% (adults) 50-90% (nymphs) upto 15 days of application. Amongst the bases 1% Soda is more effective but, the mixing of 0.02% Dichlorvos with 1% Surf found more effective than 0.02% Dichlorvos With 1% Soda solution. As Surf and Dichlorvos mixture is costly for the control of whitely, Soda was found better (in combination with Dichlorvos) as it is cheaper and easily available to the farmers.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.99-106
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of dichlorvos, methidathion and phosalone in zebrafish (brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri). The fishes were exposed to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.50 ppm, one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ and test periods were 3, 5 and 8 days. The deputation rate of each pesticide from the whole body of fish was determined over the 24-hr period after treatment. Obtained results are summerized as follows: In the case of dichlorvos, dichlorvos concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF$_{s}$ of dichlorvos were increased as increasing test concentration. In the case of same experimental concentrations, dichlorvos concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF$_{s}$ of dichlorvos were decreased as proloning test periods, especially dropped after 5days. Dichlorvos concentration in red sword tail extract were increased as increasing test concentration, lyat BCF$_{s}$ in concentration of 0.05 ppm, 0.01 ppm and one-hundredth of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ were decreased. Methidathion and phosalone concentration in zebrafish extract in zebrafish extract were increased as increasing test concentration, but there was little difference in BCF$_{s}$. In the case of same experimental concentrations, there were little differences in BCF$_{s}$ and concentration in zebrafish extract. In the case of red sword tail, it was impossible to calculate on BCF$_{s}$ data because test concentration was under the detecting limit on GC or test fish were die. Determined deputation rate conatant were highest on dichlorvos, and followed by methidathion, and phosalone. The results of determining depuration rate of these pesticides showed that the high BCF in fish might be due to the slow depuration rate in fish, it is thought to be responsible for vapor pressure, water solubility and partition coefficient. It is suggested that one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ will be proper test concentration because one-thousundth of LC$_{50}$ was under the detecting limit on GC. Dichlorvos, methidathion and phosalone, organophosphorous pesticides, were examined to their BCF$_{s}$ and depuration rates by means of fish test.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2008

Purpose: Dichlorvos has been in widespread use as an organophosphate (OP) insecticide compound. The purpose of this study was to access the epidemiology and clinical features of dichlorvos in Korea. Methods: This was a 38 multi-center prospective study of dichlorvos poisoning using surveys, a structural reporting system and review of hospital records from August 2005 to July 2006. A total of 54 patients with acute dichlorvos poisoning on a national basis were enrolled. We analyzed the epidemiologic characteristics and clinical manifestations of dichlorvos poisoning. In addition, the clinical features of dichlorvos poisoning were compared with others OP compounds. Results: During the study period, compounds involving pure OP poisoning were dichlorvos (22.7%), methidathion (8.4%), and phosphamidon (6.7%). In acute dichlorvos poisoning, all ingestion routes were oral. Intentional poisoning involved 74.1% of cases. The common initial complaints involved gastrointestinal (64.8%), systemic (61.1%), central or peripheral nervous system (53.7%), and respiratory symptoms (50.0%). The median arrival time to hospital after dichlorvos poisoning was 2.6 hours and mean hospitalization duration was 7.1 days. 2-PAM was administered in 35 patients in mean doses of 6.3 g/day intravenously. Atropine was administered in 30 patients with a mean dose of 62.8 mg/day (maximal 240 mg/day). Overall mortality rate for dichlorvos poisonings were 14.8% (8/54). Immediate causes for death included sudden cardiac arrest or ventricular dysrhythmias (50%), multi-organ failure (25%), acute renal failure (12.5%), and unknown causes (12.5%). Conclusion: When compared to previous reports, dichlorvos poisoning displayed relatively moderate severity. The presence of a lower GCS score, altered mental status, serious dysrhythmias, systemic shock, acute renal failure, and respiratory complications upon presentation were associated with a more serious and fatal poisoning.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.146-152
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• 1999

The present study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion. The BCFs(bioconcentration factors) and depuration rate constants for four pesticides in zebrafish(brachydanio rerio) were measured under semi-static conditions(OECD guideline 305-B) in a concentration of one-hundredth of the 96 hours LC50 of each pesticide at the equilibrium condition. The results obtained are summarized as follows : The BCFs of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion were 1.44$\pm$0.09, 2.223$\pm$0.063, 0.81$\pm$0.08 and 5.53$\pm$0.13, respectively. Depuration rate constants of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion were 0.028, 0.015, 0.220 and 0.152, respectively. The concentrations of BPMC, dichlorovs and methidathion in zebrafish reached an equilibrium in 3 days, and the equilibrium of chlorothalonil was reached after 14 days. Depuration rate of dichlorvos was the fastest followed by methidathion, BPMC and chlorothalonil. The lower BCF of BPMC was due to its relatively high KOW, slow KDEP, and low SW and VP, compared to chlorothalonil and methidathion. The BCF of chlorothalonil was much lower than that excepted on the basis of high KOW, slow KDEP, SW and VP. The reason is that the experimental concentration for chlorothalonil is 1/100~1/1000 lower than that of BPMC, dichlorvos and methidathion. The BCF of dichlorvos was lower than that of other pesticides due to its very rapid KDEP, very high VP and SW, and very low KOW. The BCF of methidathion was higher than that of other pesticides due to its very low VP and SW. Therefore, these data suggest that physicochemical properties of pesticides may be important in the bioconcentration.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.210-219
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• 2004

시판되고 있는 61종 살충제와 바퀴전문약제 2종에 대한 식이법으로 이질바퀴 (Periplaneta americana) 수컷성충의 우수 살충제를 탐색하고, 활성이 있는 약제를 이용하여 처리부위와 검정법에 따른 감수성 차이와 발현속도를 비교하였다. 식이법에서 100%의 살충률을 나타낸 dichlorvos, benfuracarb, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, $\zeta$-cypermethrin, $\lambda$-cyhalothrin, fipronil등 8종 약제를 선발하여, 식이법과 여지접촉법으로 살충력을 비교한 결과, dichlorvos와 fenpropathrin은 여지접촉법에서, benfuracarb는 식이법에서 더 높은 감수성을 나타내었다. 미량국소처리법으로 처리부위 (머리, 가슴, 배, 다리)에 따른 약제비교에서는 dichlorvos, benfuracarb, $\lambda$-cyhalothrin은 머리에서, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin은 배에서 감수성이 가장 높았다. Dichlorvos, benfuracarb, $\lambda$-cyhalothrin의 $LT_{50}$ (일)은 각각 0.10, 0.29, 0.12로 속효성이었으며, boric acid와 byamethylnon은 각각 6.2와 4.8로 지효성이었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.36-43
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• 1999

The present study was performed to investigate biodegradation rate of dichlorvos and methidathion. In the biodegradation test of two pesticides by the modified river die-away method from June 17 to August 22, 1998, the biodegradation rate constants and half-life were determined in Nakdong(A) and Kumho River(B). Biodegradation rate of dichlorvos was 4.51% in A sampling point, 6.88% in B sampling point after 7 days. Biodegradation rate constants and half-life of dichlorvos were 0.0066 and 105 days in A sampling point, 0.0102 and 67.9 days in B sampling point, respectively. Biodegradation rate of methidathion was 23% in A sampling point, 36% in B sampling point after 7 days. Biodegradation rate constants and half-life of methidathion were 0.0377 and 18.4 days in A sampling point, 0.0641 and 10.8 days in B sampling point, respectively. Biodegradation rate of methidathion was faster than that of dichlorvos. This suggested that the difference in biodegradation of pesticides was due to difference in the water quality and standard plate counts in the Nackdong and Kumho Rivers. The result of correlation analysis between biodegradation rate constants of the pesticides and water quality(DO, BOD, SS, ABS, NH$_3$-N, and NO$_3$-N) showed significant correlation with BOD, SS and NH$_3$-N at the 5% significant level. A significant linear equation was obtained from regression analysis at the 5% significant level, whereas, dependent variables were BOD, SS and NH$_3$-N, and the biodegradation rate constant was independent variable. It is suggested that dichlorvos will be mainly degraded by hydrolysis, and for methidathion was both hydrolysis and biodegradation. A significant QSAR equation was obtained from regression analysis at the 10% significant level, whereas, dependent variable is biodegradation rate constants of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion, vapor pressures, partition coefficients and water solubilities of the pesticides are independent variables. Also, a significant linear equation was obtained from regression analysis at the 1% significant level, whereas, dependent variable is biodegradation rate constants of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion, hydrolysis rate constants of the pesticides are independent variables. It is suggested that the pesticides will be degraded by main degradation factor when the pesticides was affected both hydrolysis and biodegradation.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 1999

Dichlorvos 및 methidathion에 대한 광분해 실험을 수행하여 속도상수와 분해생성물을 측정하였다. 햇빛을 이용한 광분해 실험은 1998년 9월 2일부터 9월 18일 까지 수행하였으며 두가지 농약이 상당기간 동안 안정함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 햇빛 아래서는 humic acid의 광관여 효과가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 자외선을 이용한 광분해 실험에서 dichlorvos의 광분해속도상수와 반감기는 각각 0.0208 및 33.3분으로 조사되었고, methidathion의 경우는 각각 0.6189 및 1.0분으로 조사되어 methidathion의 광분해는 4분 이내에 99% 이상의 매우 빠른 분해양상을 보였다. 두가지 농약 모두 3시간 이내에 분해되었고, 따라서 먹는물 정수처리시 농약의 분해가 필요할 때는 자외선을 이용하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다. 또한, dichlorvos 및 methidathion은 자외선을 단독조사 하였을 때 보다 TiO$_2$를 첨가하였을 경우 분해는 다소 빠르게 진행되었다. 광분해에 의한 분해생성물을 확인하고자 GC/MS분석을 한 결과 dichlorvos에서는 분해생성물로 m/z=153의 Ο, Ο-dimethyl phosphate(DMP)를 확인하였다. Methidathion의 경우 분해생성물로 m/z=198 과 m/z=214로 각각 Ο, Ο-dimethyl phosphorothioate(DMTP)와 Ο, Ο-dimethyl phosphorodithioate(DMDTP)를 확인하였다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2007

Purpose: Organophosphorus insecticides tend to be regarded as a homogeneous single entity. We aimed to determine whether organophosphate poisoning differs by subgroups in clinical features and severity. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients with acute organophophorus poisoning from January 1998 to December 2006. We investigated clinical features, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), laboratory findings, QTc intervals, management, and outcomes. Results: A total of 109 patients were included. The dimethoxy group experienced significantly longer times than the diethoxy group for ventilation duration (0.6 day vs. 0.2 day, p=0.006), ICU duration (2.0 day vs. 0.8 day, p=0.037), and total admission duration (2.8 day vs. 0.9 day, p=0.008), except in cases of dichlorvos poisoning. Also, the GCS of the dimethoxy group (except with dichlorvos) was significantly lower than for the diethoxy group (dimethoxy, $11.2{\pm}5.2$ vs. diethoxy, $13.8{\pm}2.4$, p= 0.021). QTc intervals for the dimethoxy group (except with dichlorvos) tended to be somewhat greater than for the diethoxy group (dimethoxy, $452.9{\pm}16.1\;msec$ vs. diethoxy, $429.6{\pm}40.9\;msec$). There were 65 patients with dichlorvos ingestion, and 2 of these patients (3%) died. Conclusion: When compared to the diethoxy group, the dimethoxy group of organophosphates (with the exception of dichlorvos) were associated with poorer prognostic value for indicators such as GCS, QTc interval, requirement for intubation, ICU duration, and total admission duration. Within the dimethoxy group, patients with dichlorvos poisoning had relatively better prognoses than for the other dimethoxy group organophosphates studied.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2006

시판되고 있는 살충제 34종과 개미전문약제 2종에 대해 독이법으로 애집개미 (Monomorium pharaonis) 일개미의 속효성 살충제를 탐색하고, 활성이 있는 약제의 독성을 비교하였다. 식이법에서 100%의 살충 속효성을 나타낸 약제로는 bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, fenthion, fenitrothion, methidathion, pirimifos-methyl, phenthoate 등 10종이었으며, 선발약제의 $LC_{50}$ (ppm) 값은 pirimifos-methyl (0.33), chlorpyrifos-methyl (0.76), phenthoate (1.70), bifenthrin (1.78), dichlorvos (2.50), cypermethrin (9.92), chlorpyrifos (22.21), fenitrothion (36.58), fenthion (40.96), methidathion (64.34) 순으로 나타났다. Dichlorvos, benfuracarb, cypermethrin의 $LT_{50}$ (일)은 각각 0.25, 0.38, 0.27로 속효성이었으며, boric acid와 hydramethylnon은 각각 3.4와 2.6로 지효성이었다. 지속효과 실험에서 처리후 13일째까지 90%이상의 살충률을 나타낸 약제는 chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenthion, methidathion이었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2003

본 연구는 zebrafish를 실험어류로 하여 국내에서 혼합제로 사용되고 있는 dichlovos와 phosalone을 선정하여 단독 및 혼합폭로시 생물농출계수와 배설속도상수를 측정함으로써, 두 농약의 공존이 개별농약의 생물농축성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. Dichlorvos와 phoslone의 혼합폭로시(dichlorvos : 0.55${\mu}g$/ml, phosalone : 0.01 ${\mu}g$/ml) zebrafish 체내에서 dichlorvos의 농축정도는 6시간에 정류상태에 도달하여 72시간까지 거의 일정하였으며 단독폭로시 (12시간)보다 더 빠르게 정류상태에 도달하였다. 6시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값은 0.80(n=5)으로 단독 폭로시의 12시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값 0.74(n=4)보다 더 높게 측정되었다. 배설속도상수는 $0.12h^{-1}$으로 단독 폭로시와 차이가 거의 없었다. Dichlorvos와 phosalone의 혼합폭로시(dichlorvos: 0.55${\mu}g$/ml, phosalone : 0.01${\mu}g$/ml) zebrafish 체내에서 phosalone의 농축정도는 단독폭로시와 같이 12시간에 정류상태에 도달하여 72시간까지 거의 일정하였고, 12시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값은 53.89(n=4) 로 단독폭로시의 BCF평균갑 48.88(n=4)보다 더 높게 측정되었다. 배설속도상수는 단독폭로시와 같이 6시간 안에 어류체내에서 phosalone이 모두 배출되어 구하지 못했다. 두 농약(dichlorvos, phosalone)의 혼합폴로시의 BCF평균값이 단독폭로시의 BCF평균값이 단독폴로시의 BCF평균값보다 더 높게 나왔으나, 각 실험시간대(6, 12, 24, 48, 72시간)의 BCF실험값을 t-test로 분석한 결과 phosalone의 48시간을 제외하고는 두 농약의 단독폭로와 혼합폴로시의 BCF값에는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p<0.05), 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼때, dichlorvos와 phosalone을 zebrafish에 혼합폭로시 개개 농약의 생무농축성과 배설속도상수에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.