• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.371-379
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• 2012

This study was designed to explore new nutraceutical and cosmetic resources possessing biological activities from the plant kingdom. To fulfill this purpose, we analyzed the anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Zanthoxylum schinifolium extract (ZSE) and its solvent fractions using in vitro assays and cell culture model systems. Three kinds of ZSE treated with methanol, ethanol, and water exhibited potent anti-oxidative activities through DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and inhibited in vitro DOPA oxidation. Furthermore, Z. schinifolium methanol extract (ZSME) inhibited the ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone, which induces melanin contents in B16F10 cells. Its anti-melanogenic activity originates from the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity and melanogenesis related protein expression. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide induced nitric oxide production in the RAW 264.7 cell line was also ameliorated by ZSME treatment in a dose dependent manner. Among the four solvent fractions of ZSME treated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, three fractions, except water, showed significant anti-melanogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Taken together, these results provide important new insights into Z. schinifolium, indicating that it possesses numerous biological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, it may well serve as a promising material in the field of nutraceuticals and cosmetics.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.106-111
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• 2005

To investigate the antioxidant activity of extract from the raw walnut, Juglans sinensis Dode, we prepared five fractions (methanol (MeOH), dichloromethane $(CH_2Cl_2)$, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-buthanol (n-BuOH) and dehydrogen monooxide $(H_2O)$ fractions) and examined. The effect of walnut extract on the oxidative stress was investigated in vitro. The DPPH (2,2-Di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of extract from raw walnut was shown in the following order: $EtOAc\;fraction layer. The result showed that the highest activity $(0.56{\mu}g/ml,\;IC_{50}.)$ was observed in EtOAc fraction, whereas n-BuOH fraction, MeOH fraction, $CH_2O_2$ fraction and $H_2O$ layer of $IC_{50}$ were $2.34{\mu}g//ml,\;3.88{\mu}g/ml,\;8.06{\mu}g/ml,\;and\;8.19{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The radical scavenging activity assay of each fraction showed that the antioxidative activity was observed in the following order: EtOAc fraction $(74.27\pm1.56\%)>MeOH\;fraction\;(60.76\pm3.4\%)>n-BuOH\;fraction\;(59.32\pm0.88\%)>H_2O\;layer\;(41.69\pm2.06\%)$. These results revealed that all fractions, except for $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction, showed high antioxidative activity. Furthermore, the peroxynitrite $(ONOO^-)$ scavenging activity was assayed in each fraction. The result showed that the $ONOO^-$ scavenging activity of EtOAc fraction, MeOH fraction and n-BuOH fraction from raw walnut was $95.14\pm0.36\%,\; 90.02\pm1.19\%\;and\;89.41\pm0.81\%$, respectively. The tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) treatment in vitro increased lactate dehydrogenase release and lipid peroxidation in renal cortical slices. Such changes were completely prevented by addition of MeOH fraction, EtOAc fraction and n-BuOH fraction of walnut. These results indicate that the walnut extract exerts the benedicial effect against t-BHP-induced cell injury and its effect may be due to antioxidant action. In addition, it is suggested that walnut extract might be developed as the effective scavenger for the prevention of oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.699-706
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• 2006

The antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia jolkini extracts were investigated. Total polyphenohc compounds extracted were approximately as follows: 162.08 mg/g from ethanol, 12.64 mg/g from n-hexane, 48.11 mg/g from dichloromethane, 544.08 mg/g from ethyl acetate, 176.42 mg/g from butanol, and 30.00 mg/g from water. The ethylacetate fraction of this extraction showed the highest antioxidative activity $(IC_{50})$: DPPH radical scavenging capacity was measured at $8.38\;{\mu}g/mL$, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was $466.01\;{\mu}g/mL$, superoxide radical scavenging capacity was $11.39\;{\mu}g/mL$, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity was $332.11\;{\mu}g/mL$. Antimicrobial activities were determined by paper disc method and minimum inhibitory concentration of E. jolkini extracts against food-borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. The growth inhibition curves of E. jolkini extracts against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli were also determined. These results suggest that the ethylacetate fraction of E. jolkini has strong antimicrobial activity against the all species of microorganisms as well as strong antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.693-699
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• 2013

A simple, sensitive, and specific method for quantifying the nicotine content of synthetic favoring substances (SFS) was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photo-diode array detector (PDA). Nicotine was extracted from SFS samples by using an acid-base liquid-liquid extraction method with dichloromethane and distilled water. The nicotine content was quantified by HPLC/PDA (261.9 nm) with a $C_{18}$ column under a gradient of 10% acetonitrile with 20 mM ammonium formate (ammonia solution adjusted to pH 8.7) to 100% acetonitrile. The calibration curve, analyzed from concentration standards between 0.1 to 2 mg/L, presented linearity with a correlation coefficient ($r^2$)>0.9999. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of nicotine in SFS was 0.4 mg/kg, and the average recoveries ranged from 76.4% to 96.3%. The repeatability of measurements, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV%), ranged from 1.74 to 5.12%. This newly developed method for nicotine quantification in SFS can be considered an analytical method with an acceptable level of sensitivity and repeatability.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: In order to elucidate residual characteristics of difenoconazole and thiamethoxam by treatment to sweet persimmons for one year and to generate the data for the maximum residue limit (MRL) establishment for those pesticides in or on sweet persimmon. METHODS AND RESULTS: Systemic fungicide difenoconazole WP (10% a.i.) and systemic insecticide thiamethoxam WG (10% a.i.) were sprayed onto 12~25-years-old sweet persimmons according to its preharvest interval (PHI), respectively, and then fresh sweet persimmons were harvested at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after treatment from pesticide-sprayed plots at each 3 sites. The analytical methods were evaluated to limit of quantification, linearity, specificity, reproducibility and recoveries. The crop samples were extracted with acetone and performed dichloromethane partition process. The extracted samples of difenoconazole were analyzed by GC-ECD and the thiamethoxam extracted samples were analyzed by HPLC with good sensitivity and selectivity of the method. The average recoveries of difenoconazole ranged from 87.5 to 99.5% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 4.1~7.6% at three different spiking levels(0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg). And the average recoveries of thiamethoxam and clothianidin ranged from 88.8 to 98.9% and 83.2 to 96.6% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 3.6~5.0% and 3.8~9.4% at three different spiking levels(0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg), respectively. The residue amounts ranges of difenoconazole were 0.2~0.56 mg/kg and the residue amount was decreased below the MRL level, 1.0 mg/kg, after 1 day harvest. The residue amounts ranges of thiamethoxam were 0.08~0.28 mg/kg and the residue amount was decreased below the MRL level, 0.5 mg/kg, after 1 day harvest. And the residue amount of clothianidin was below then 0.03 mg/kg for only one test site of 14 and 28 day samples. CONCLUSION: As a result, the residual amounts of difenoconazole and thiamethoxam were not exceeded the MRL of established criteria for sweet persimmon. The biological half-lives of difenoconazole and thiamethoxam were 13.6, 19.4, 16.3 and 10.0, 15.3, 14.0 days at each three test sites, respectively.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.59-77
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate on several factors, which contaminative the water quality through the water pipe during feeding water, in 42 largescaled apart-ments(total 84 cases) and assayed the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) and concen-tration of heavy metals that inflow and outflow in reservior water in Jeonnam area(Mokpo, Suncheon, Yeosu) from January 1999 to December 1999. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The quality of the water pipe composition in the order of frequency in the quality of water pipes were Copper(45.2%)> Zinc(38.9%)> Stainless steel(9.5%)> PVC(4.8%)> PM(2.4%) in observing 42 sites. All of the drain pipes were used the cast iron quality. 2. The result of certification curve from 12 items(17kind) of VOCs was $1.0-4.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ range, a coefficient of correlation was shown 0.99 over. A MDL of each substance range was within $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$. 3. The result of the assay, 5 kinds(Viny chloride, Dichloromethane, Ethylbenzene, M,P-xylene, Styrene) of the VOCs of 14 kinds was not detected and the other items were detected slightly. The detection rate of one item and over in total VOCs samples, were 25.9% in inflow and 27.9% in outflow. And frequency of detect in inflow/outflow of THM(Chloroform, Bromodichloro-methane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform) were shown higher than 94.1%, 97.0% each stages. It comes to the conclusion that all of the samples were reason able for drinking water standards. 4. The coefficient of correlation were reasonable, it shown 0.999 over in $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ of a measuring range conditions of 4kinds in organic substance(Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn). 5. The results were showed suitability in 78 cases(92.9%) and unsuitability in 6 cases (7.1%), in 84 cases of in organic substances. Compare to inflow stage, mean concentrations of heavy metal, were increased slightly in Zn, Cu, Fe except Mn than outflow stage. The result of the mean concentration in organic substance inflow and outflow in the apartment water tank using Pair-compared T-test, in 95% reliance index, were $0.179mg/{\ell}(0.151-0.307mg/{\ell})$ in Zinc, $0.136mg/{\ell}(0.113-0.230mg/{\ell})$ in Copper, $0.052mg/{\ell}(0.048-0.098mg/{\ell})$ in Fe, and there was a bit growing tendency but there was no differece in Mn. 6. The mean concentration of Copper which used Cu pipe as a water supply pipe in apartment were $0.216mg/{\ell}(0.161-0.338mg/{\ell})$ in case of the Zine pipe were $0.286mg/{\ell}(0.204-0.435mg/{\ell})$. It shows that the detection rate was more higher than the other material used in Cu or Zn as the water supply pipe. We supposed to Cu and Zn substance were gushing out water supply pipe.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.178-189
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• 2012

As phthalates classified as toxic to reproduction category 2 and endocrine disrupting chemicals were more strictly regulated as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) for authorization in under EU REACH and considered as priority substances in RoHS II, standardization of phthalate testing method is now being proposed in IEC 62321 of IEC TC 111 and the 2nd revision of KS M 1991 is also finished. In order to assist standardization activities related to phthalating testing, solvent extraction part of existing national standards were compared and verified. Recovery of DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate) from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) by Soxhlet extraction increased in the order of methanol, toluene, dichloromethane and hexane from 46.9% to 95.3% as measured by GC-MS. Optimum extraction time was verified to be 6 hours using hexane. Recovery of DBP (dibutyl phthalate), BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate), and DEHP from different matrixes such as PVC, nitro cellulose, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). and EPDM(ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber were evaluated to be more than 90% up to 99%. The detection limits of phthalates in solvent extraction followed by GC-MS analysis were 0.08~0.3 ${\mu}g/mL$ in solution and 8~30 mg/Kg in polymeric samples. GC-MS analyses of phthalates were carried out using different solvent extraction based on the EN 14372, ASTM D 7083, Japanese test method (MHLW 0906-4) and KS M 1991, proving that equivalent recoveries ranging from 98%~99% were obtained. DBP and DEHP were detected in three consumer products such as a child toy, a power cable and manicure with the amount of 22~1,910 mg/kg.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 2012

This study was conducted for the establishment of the analytical method of pesticide residues in rice straw for 9 pesticides; etofenprox, tricyclazole, diazinon, edifenphos, propiconazole, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran and for the monitoring of these pesticides in rice straw for livestock feed in Korea. These pesticides were classified into 4 groups according to analytical instrument condition. Group 1 (HPLC-UVD1) included tricyclazole and etofenprox while group 2 (HPLC-UVD2) included propiconazole and edifenphos. Group 3 (HPLC-FLD) included carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran. Group 4 (GC-NPD) included Diazinon. The dried rice straw samples were extracted with acetone and purified by liquid-liquid partition and solid phase extraction (SPE): Combination of Florisil SPE and amino-propyl SPE was used for group 1 and group 2, amino-propyl SPE for group 3, and Florisil SPE was for group 4. Recovery was in the ranged 70~110% and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were lower than the half of maximum residue limits. Therefore this method was proved to be efficient for monitoring of these pesticides residue in rice straw. A total of 18 rice straw samples from 6 provinces in Korea in 2010 were analyzed using established method and, only 3-keto carbofuran was detected in one sample at concentration of 0.04 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1226-1232
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• 2003

Bamboo trees have been used for a long time as folk remedies for treatment of hypertension and stroke symptoms in Oriental regions. These pharmaceutical effects of bamboos look like to be related to its antioxidant capacity and phytochemicals in bamboos. To evaluate the antioxidative effects of bamboo trees, five kinds of bamboo varieties dominant in Korean peninsular were chosen and determined its total antioxidaive activities, free radical scavenging activities and nitrite scavenging activities by TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) assay, DPPH and Griess reagent assay using in vitro system, respectively. To evaluate the correlation between antioxidative activities and Maillard reaction during hot water extraction, contents of reducing sugar and total nitrogen and brown color intensity at 420 nm were determined. When total antioxidative activities, free radical scavenging activities and nitrite scavenging activities of five kinds of bamboo trees were compared, wang-dae (Phyllostachys bambusoides S. et Z.) showed the strongest effect among samples, although all kinds of extracts showed relatively strong effects against oxidation. The bamboo culms extract showed stronger antioxidative effects than that of bamboo leaves. In each fraction obtained from 70% ethanol extract, antioxidative effect were increased in order of dichloromethane>ethyl acetate>butanol>water>hexane fraction. In reducing sugar analysis of extracts, reducing sugar contents of water extracts were higher than that of 70% ethanol extracts and wang-dae water extract showed the highest level which was 708.92 mg/g. Total nitrogen contents of the extracts were $1.785{\sim}2.605\;mg%$ and contents in water extracts were lower than that in 70% ethanol extracts. Brown color intensity at 420 nm showed similar tendency with results in reducing sugar contents.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse crops are one of agricultural products consumed largely in Korea. Cucumber is a typical example as main vegetables of greenhouse crops. Thus, pesticide residue analysis is an important requirement to guarantee pesticide safety of cucumber. This work was aim to investigate the residues of penthiopyrad and pyriofenone in cucumber after harvest. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cucumber was subjected to treat with penthiopyrad and pyriofenone at a level of recommended dose 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days before harvest under greenhouse conditions. The samples were extracted with organic solvent by using a homogenizer and purified on solid phase cartridge column followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The recovery levels of penthiopyrad and pyriofenoneranged from approximately 81 to 93% with the method limit of 0.005 mg/kg and coefficient of variation less than 10%. Penthiopyrad and pyriofenone were detected at a level less than maximum residue limit in cucumber at 10 days before. The half-lives of penthiopyrad and pyriofenone were determined to 2.4 ~ 2.6 days. CONCLUSION: Penthiopyrad and pyriofenone are suggested to use in cucumber 10 days before harvest to reach their levels less than maximum residue limit.