• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-27
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• 2006

"본 논문은 대한내과학회지 2006년 제70권 제3호에 실렸던 논문으로 대한내과학회 편집위원회의 승인을 득하고 본 협회지에 게재함. Background : Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. In recent years non-invasive high resolution B-mode ultrasound methods have been developed to measure the intima-media thickness(IMT) of the carotid artery as an indicator for early atherosclerosis. Itis known that obesity plays a role in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and it has also been reported that not only the amount but also the distribution of body fat is important. This study investigated the relationship between obesity and the development of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasound B-mode imaging in 144 patients with type 2diabetes mellitus. All subjects underwent assessment for the degree and distribution of obesity, the presence of coronary artery disease risk factors, and the presence of diabetic complications. Resuts: Carotid IMT was increased in the abdominal obese group defined by waist circurference. However, there was no significant difference in carotid TMT between the non-obese group and obese group as defined by body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and total body fat percent measured by bio electrical impedance analysis. There were positive correlations between carotid IMT and age, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the variable that interacted independently with carotid IMT was age in type 2 diabetic patients. Carotid IMT was significantly increased in type 2 diabetic patients with macrovascular complications and microvascvlar complications .Conclusion: This study suggested that abdominal obesity rather than general obesity was associated with carotid atherosclerosis reflected by increment of carotid IMT in type 2 diabetic subjects.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2010

Endothelial cells play a key role in pathological processes such as cancer cell metastasis, atherosclerosis, and diabetic retinopathy. Vascular smooth muscle cells directly involve in the formation of atheroma in atherosclerosis. Some kinds of the endothelial cells are simply harvested from the umbilical veins, the tunica intima of aortic walls, the retina using various enzymes solutions. Those purely isolated cells provide a powerful tool in vitro studies of the endothelial cell related diseases. In this context, the cultured smooth muscle cells after the isolation from the tunica media of aortic walls are also used for elucidating the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, I briefly introduce articles that include the isolation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC), aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells, retinal microvascular endothelial cells(RMEC), as well as the diseases' applications of these cells.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.137-152
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• 1998

Acute complications of diabetes mellitus were diminished after Banting and Best discovered insulin. But chronic complications of diabetes mellitus have been increased. The main complications of diabetes mellitus are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot lesion and macrovascular complication. These complications can result in renal failure, loss of sight, cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction. So it is very difficult to treat the complications of diabetes mellitus. In oriental medicine, the transformations(傳變症) of Sogal(消渴) are edema, carbuncle, loss of sight and so on. The comparative study between the trcmsformations(傳變症) of SogaI(消渴) and the complications of diabetes mellitus has come to the following conclusions. 1. In oriental medicine, diabetic retinopathy was expessed as loss of sight and the treament of diabetic retinopathy should be started at an early stage, to prevent vitreous hemorrhage and traction retinal detachment. 2. In oriental medicine. diabetic nephropathy was expressed as edema and the treatment should be started at an early stage of renal injury when the protein comes from urine.3. Symmetrical distal polyneuropathy is the main part of diabetic neuropathy and it was expressed as weakness of the lower limbs and pain of joints in the symptoms of Haso(下消). In Oriental medicine, acupuncture and herb medicine which effect is SopungHwalHyul can treat polyneuropathy. 4. Chief macrovascular complications are coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease, The cause of macrovascular complication is atherosclerosis. So the method of treating atherosclerosis should be studied in oriental medicine. 5. Diabetic foot were expressed as carbuncle and its main causes are decreasing perfusion of fool, diabetic neuropathy and infection. So these causes should be studied in oriental medicine. 6. The complications of diabetes mellitus afe very similar to the transfonnatiuns of Sogal(消渴).The control of blood glucose is indispensable to prevent and delay the complication of diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.851-857
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• 1993

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is a major cause of the increased morbidity and mortality assciated with diabetes mellitus. The prominent role of nutrition in hypercholesteolemia and atherosclerosis is generally accepted. Diet is a key element in the management of diabetes (type I-IDDM), yet the appropriate diet for patient with diabetes mellitus is not well known. Dietary protein has been shown to have a significant effect on plasma cholesterol levels in both experimental animals and humans. The present experiment was designed to determine the effect of the dietary protein level(20% vs 60%) on plasma glucose concentration, lipids profile, insulin and glucagon levels from non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results showed that a high protein diet decreased triglyceride concentration in diabetic rats. Also diabetic rats fed a high protein diet were hypocholesterolemic than rats fed a control diet. There were no effects by level of protein on fasting blood glucose concentration and insulin/glucagon ratio. Results from the present study suggest that a high protein diet may be beneficial to control pasma lipids in chemically-induced diabetic rats.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.519-524
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• 2015

Vascular inflammatory process has been suggested to play a key role in initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Thus, in this study, we attempted to determine whether three structurally related polyphenols found in the Chinese herb Huang Qui, namely baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, can suppress vascular inflammatory processes induced by high glucose (HG) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mice. Data showed that HG induced markedly increased vascular permeability, monocyte adhesion, expressions of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Remarkably, all of the above mentioned vascular inflammatory effects of HG were attenuated by pretreatment with baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin. Vascular inflammatory responses induced by HG are critical events underlying development of various diabetic complications, therefore, our results suggest that baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin may have significant therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(9): 519-524]

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.287-294
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• 2004

Diabetic complication is one of major risk factors leading to vascular disease such as atherosclerosis, stroke, coronary heart disease and etc. Several factors affecting the acceleration of diabetic vascular complication have been known such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, immune complex and genetic factors. To screen and develop new therapeutics agents for diabetic vascular complication, it is strongly needed to develop animal models for diabetic complications. However in rodents models, diabetic complications is not well developed. Furthermore to assess the possibility of new therapeutics for diabetic vascular complications, diabetic animal models which have the risk factors of diabetic complications is needed. We aim to develop and establish an diabetic animal model which have diabetic complications with hyperlipidemia which is one of risk factors for diabetic complications. We induced insulin -dependent diabetes by intra. venous injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg/day) in RICO rats which is a spontaneous animal model for hyperlipidemia. Our models (STZ RICO) showed hyperglycemia, persistent high level of plasma cholesterol and triglyceridemia with severe diabetic renal changes until 28 weeks after induction of diabetes. STZ-RICO rats could be used for the evaluations of newly developed diabetic drugs.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.134-142
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• 1996

Diabetes carries an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease that is not fully explained by known car-diovascular risk factors. There is accumulating evidence that advanced glycation of structural proteins, and oxidation and glycation of circulating lipoproteins, are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic ather-osclerosis. Reactions involving glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids are believed to contribute to atherogenesis. Glycation, the nonenzymatic binding of glucose to protein molecules, can increase the ather-ogenic potential of certain plasma constituents, including low density lipoptotein(LDL). Glycation of LDL is significant increased in diabetic patients compared with normal subjects, even in the presence of good glycemic control. Metabolic abnormalities associated with glycation of LDL include diminished recognition of LDL by the classic LDL receptor; increased covalent binding of LDL in vessel walls ; enhanced uptake of LDL by the macrophages, thus stimulating foam cell formation ; increased platelet aggregation; formation of LDL-immune complexes ; and generation of oxygen free radicals, resulting on oxidative damage to both the lipid and protein components of LDL and to any nearby macromolecules. Oxidized lipoproteins are characterzied by cytotoxicity, potent stimulation of foam cell formation by macrophages, and procoagulant effects. Combined glycation and oxidation, "glycoxidation" occurs when oxidative reactions affect the initial products of glycation, and results in irreversible structural alterations of proteins. Glycoxidation is of greatest significance in long lived proteins such as collagen. In these proteins, glycoxidation products, believed to be atherogenic, accumulate with advancing age : in diabetes, their rate of accumulate is accelerated. Inhibition of glycation, oxidation and glycoxidation may form the basis of future antiaterogenic strategies in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.dividuals.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1131-1138
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• 2008

Diabetic complications are a leading cause of blindness, renal failure, and nerve damage. Additionally, diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and limb amputation. At the present time, 4 main molecular mechanisms have been implicated in hyperglyceamia-mediated vascular damage. In particular, advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), which are formed by complex, heterogeneous, sugar-derived protein modifications, have been implicated as a major pathogenic process for diabetic complications. Recently, AGE inhibitors such as aminoguanidin, ALT-946, and pyridoxamine have been reported. Such an integrating paradigm provides a new conceptual framework for future research on diabetes complications and on discovering drugs to prevent the progression of AGE-induced maladies.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.119-130
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• 2013

Objectives : Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause for vascular complications such as atherosclerosis. The present study is to investigate whether Doinseunggi-tang (DST) improves diabetic vascular dysfunction in type II diabetes. Methods : The db/db mice were treated with high fat/high cholesterol diet and DST (200 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Results : DST significantly lowered blood glucose and systolic blood pressure. In addition, DST also markedly decreased total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol, whereas increased the HDL-cholesterol. Vascular relaxation of aortic rings by acetylcholine or SNP was ameliorated by DST in a dose-dependent manner. Damage of vascular intima and hypertrophic of media was improved by DST. Immunohistological study revealed that DST attenuated the increase of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and ET-1 expression in thoracic aorta. Conclusions : Taken together, DST suppressed hyperglycemia and diabetic vascular dysfunction in type II db/db mice. The present data suggests that Doinseunggi-tang may be prevent a development of diabetic atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 1992

As people's income and intake of animal fat rapidly increase, so does choresterol concentration in blood. Thus diseases such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM)myocardial infraction, high blood pressure, cerebral stroke resulting from atherosclerosis rapidly increase recently. It is very difficult to diagnose atherosclerosis early since its progress is so slow and there is no sypmtoms in the beginning of the disease. In this study a mechanical characteristic, compliance, of the lower leg arteries was measured noninvasively. Changes of blood volume and pressure were measured using impedance plethysmgraphy and mercury sphygmomanometer, respectively. The compliance was calculated by dividing the change of blood volume by the change of pulse pressure ( systolic-diastolic pressure ) . Subjects were 24 asymptomatic persons ranging (rom 30 Ic 58yeras and 14 diabetics from 41 to 59years. The compliances, mean, and systolic pressures were statistically analyzed using a t-test be- tween the healthy and diabetic groups. The average compliance of the healthy and diabetic group was measured 2.79 and 1.82U1/mmHg/cm, respectively and these were significantly different(p<0.01). It was also found that the compliance is a better parameter in differentiating the vascular disease than mean or systolic blood pressure.