• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.106-109
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• 1986

The elution of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from flexible bags into human blood or transfusion was studied. The conditions of determination of DEHP using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established as follows: Condition I-column, ${\mu}-Bondapak^{TM}\;C_{18}$; mobile phase, methanol: water=91 : 9 ; flow rate, 1.2ml/min; wavelength, 254nm; injection volume, $10{\mu}l$. Condition II-column, Lichorsorb RP-18$(10{\mu}m)$; mobile phase, methanol: water=94 : 6 ; flow rate, 1.1ml/min; wavelength, 254nm; injection volume, $10{\mu}l$. DEHP was found to be migrating from PVC blood and total parentral nutrient bags into methanol, but not into anti, coagulant drug solution.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2014

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and potential EDCs are mostly man-made, found in various materials such as pesticides, additives or contaminants in food, and personal care products. The high energy ionizing radiation has the ability to remove the EDCs with a very high degree of reliability and in a clean and efficient manner. The ionizing radiation interacts with EDCs both directly and indirectly. Direct interaction takes place with EDCs and the structure of EDCs is destroyed or changed. During indirect interaction, radiolysis products of water result in the formation of highly reactive intermediates which then react with the target molecules, culminating in structural changes. To confirm the radiation reduction of EDCs in industrial sludge, a pilot scale experiment up to 50 kGy of electron beam (EB) was conducted with samples from the textile dyeing industries. The experimental result showed the over 90% of reduction of Nonylphenol (NP) and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at around 10 kGy of absorbed doses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.545-552
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• 2005

The major protocol features of the rodent uterotrophic assay have been evaluated using a range of reference chemicals. The protocol variables considered include the selection of the test species and route of chemical administration, the age of the test animals, the maintenance diet used, and the specificity of the assay for estrogens. The rodents were ovariectomized under general anesthesia via bilateral flank incisions and randomly assigned to groups of 5 animals. Chemicals were DEHP, DBP, BPA and NP, were injected sc once daily with combinations of chemicals treatments for 3 days. In the results, the reported estrogenic chemicals DEHP and DBP were both negative in the single dose treatments. But, in the combinations of chemicals treatments, DEHP and DBP increased in bud number of mammary gland. Treatment of ovariectomized mice with combinations of other chemicals resulted in uterine and vaginal hyperplasia. The additive estrogenic effects were seen with the combinations of $17{\beta}$-Bestradiol and DBP treatment. the competitive estrogenic effects were seen with the combinations of $17{\beta}$-Bestradiol and nonylphenol, $17{\beta}$-Bestradiol and bisphenol-A treatments. These results offers a sysmatic and mechanistically informative approach to assessing estrogenicity. it provides a useful profile of activity using a reasonable amount of resources and is compatible with the study of individual chemicals as well as the investigation of interactions among combinations of chemicals. The results described illustrate the intrinsic complexity of evaluating chemicals for estrogenic activities and conform the need for rigorous attention to experimental design and criteria for assessing estrogenic activity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.28
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• pp.13.1-13.5
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• 2013

Objectives: Potential environmental risks caused by chemicals that could be released from a recycled plastic product were assessed using a screening risk assessment procedure for chemicals in recycled products. Methods: Plastic slope protection blocks manufactured from recycled plastics were chosen as model recycled products. Ecological risks caused by four model chemicals - di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)-were assessed. Two exposure models were built for soil below the block and a hypothetic stream receiving runoff water. Based on the predicted no-effect concentrations for the selected chemicals and exposure scenarios, the allowable leaching rates from and the allowable contents in the recycled plastic blocks were also derived. Results: Environmental risks posed by slope protection blocks were much higher in the soil compartment than in the hypothetic stream. The allowable concentrations in leachate were $1.0{\times}10^{-4}$, $1.2{\times}10^{-5}$, $9.5{\times}10^{-3}$, and $5.3{\times}10^{-3}mg/L$ for DEHP, DINP, Cd, and Pb, respectively. The allowable contents in the recycled products were $5.2{\times}10^{-3}$, $6.0{\times}10^{-4}$, $5.0{\times}10^{-1}$, and $2.7{\times}10^{-1}mg/kg$ for DEHP, DINP, Cd, and Pb, respectively. Conclusions: A systematic ecological risk assessment approach for slope protection blocks would be useful for regulatory decisions for setting the allowable emission rates of chemical contaminants, although the method needs refinement.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

Thousands of new chemicals have been introduced to environment during last decades. Many of them and common consumer products have been shown to be the endocrine disrupting chemicals. One such chemical group is the phthalates, used in soft poly vinyl chloride (PVC) material and in a huge number of consumer products. The prevalence of these modem chemicals have a remarkable increase. Approximately 3.5 million tons of the main phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are produced annually worldwide and indeed, DEHP is considered a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. It has been demonstrated that high doses of phthalate can adversely affect adult and developing animals. In this review, we critically discuss the conclusions of recently original research papers and provide an overview of studies on reproductive disrupting effects of phthalates. In addition, we review the reproductive toxicity data of phthalates in some in vitro research and in both male and female reproductive systems in experimental and domestic animals. Finally, we point out some critical issues that should be addressed in order to clarify the implication of phthalates for human reproduction.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to determine the preventive effects of the two antioxidant vitamin E and catechin on DEHP-induced disturbance of spermatogenesis in male rats. Rats at 4 weeks of age were randomly allocated into five groups with 20 animals per group. The first group was not any administrated as control. The second group was administrated DEHP (2 g/kg) daily for 14 days. The third group was administrated vitamin E (500 IU/kg) following DEHP treatment by the same method (daily for 14 days). The fourth group was administrated catechin (200 mg/kg) following DEHP treatment by the same method. The fifth group was co-administrated vitamin E (500 IU/kg) and catechin (200 mg/kg) following DEHP treatment by the same method. In order to determine the preventive effects, we examined pathological changes of testis with apoptotic index, and characteristics of sperm with computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Vitamin E and catechin supplementation were significantly prevented the testicular atrophy, apoptosis of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules and abnormal rate of sperm. Moreover, sperm concentration, viability and motility was significantly recovered in groups of alone and along with vitamin E and catechin. The results suggest that preventive effects of alone and along administration of vitamin E and catechin on DEHP-induced testicular atrophy damages have been demonstrated.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.751-756
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• 2002

For the development of functional jang-products, kanjang was prepared using barley bran. Optical density of barley bran kanjang was significantly high at 15 days after fermentation, and the amount of extract was $2{\sim}3$ fold higher than that of soybean kanjang. Among the flavor components identified in barley bran kanjang, the content of 2-furancarboxaldehyde was the highest, followed by 4-vinyl-2-methoxy-phenol, benzene-acetaldehyde, palmitic acid, and methyl-9,12-octadecadienoate. In barley bran and soybean mixtare (1 : 1) kanjang, the content of 2-furancarboxaldehyde was the highest, followed by benzeneacetaldehyde, diethyl phtalate, palmitic acid, and 2-chloroethyl linoleate. Flavor components detected in both barley bran kanjang and barey bran and soybean mixture kanjang were 2-furancarboxaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldthyde, 4-vinyl-2-mehtoxy-phenol, 1-furfuryl-2-formy pyrrole, dimethyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, diethyl phtalate, palmiticacid, dibutyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.141-144
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• 2002

Environmental estrogens are natural or synthetic substances present in the aquatic environment, especially in effluent from sewage treatment. However, the adverse effects of these estrogenic substances on fish reproduction are unknown. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the most common phthalate, which Ps used as a plasticizer in polyvinylchloride (PVC), and it is widespread in the environment and has been found in aquatic organisms and sediments. Therefore, juvenile common carps (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to nominal concentrations of 17$\beta$-estradiol (E2) (0.5, 5, 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) and DEHP (10, 100, 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) for 21 days, to determine the adverse reproductive effects of these compounds on plasma vitellogenin (VTG) induction, sex steroid level, and gonad weight. Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that much of VTG was induced in fish exposed to 5 and 50 E$_2$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, but none of DEHP exposure showed induction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that VTG was significantly induced in fish exposed to 5 and 50 E$_2$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, and combination of 50 E$_2$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/L with 10 and 500 DEHP $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, but none of DEHP exposure showed induction. Analysis of sex steroid levels in some fish revealed that testosterone (T) was detected in both male and female fish of the control and DEHP exposures, but none of fish exposed to 22 concentrations had detectable testosterone level. On the other hand, E$_2$ exposure induced 17$\beta$-estradiol in plasma of male fish, but there was no induction of 17$\beta$-estradiol in plasma of male fish exposed to DEHP. Comparison of gonadosomatic index (GSI) revealed that maximal E$_2$ exposure inhibited ovarian growth, but maximal DEHP exposure stimulated testicular growth. The results indicated that those comparisons can be a useful bio-indicator for determining adverse reproductive effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.881-885
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• 2006

The product formation and changes in color of glucose/glutamine model system were investigated in relation to heating temperature and time. The mixtures of glucose and glutamine in equal molar ratio were heated at 125, 150 and $175^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20 and 30 minute, respectively. Acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2-butenoic acid, di-(2-cthylhexyl)phthalate, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methly-4H-pyran-4-one and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were identified as a major compounds, and 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2-ethylhexanol, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 2-pyrrolidinone, and 2,6-di(t-butyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2.5-cyclohexadien-1-one as 6 minor compounds by using GC/MS. The contents of acetic acid, 2-ehylhexanol and 2-pyrrolidinone increased with increased heating temperature and time, whereas the formation of the other 9 compounds increased up th heating conditions of $150^{\circ}C$ for 10 or 20 min or $175^{\circ}C$ for 10 min, and decreased dramatically with heating above those conditions. Color parameter $L^*$ decreased with increasing heating conition, resulting in dark brown color in final products. Changes of redness parameter $a^*$ and yellowness $b^*$ showed similar to those of the contents of 9 compounds mentioned as above.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2000

Many methods have been developed for screening chemicals with hormonal activity. Using recombinant yeasts expressing either human estrogen receptor [Saccharomyces cerevisiae ER + LYS 8127 (YER)] or androgen receptor [S. cerevisiae AR + 8320 (YAR)], we evaluated the hormonal activities of several chemicals by induction of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity. The chemicals were $17{\beta}-estradiol$ (E2), testosterone (T), ${\rho}-nonylphenol$ (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), genistein (GEN), 2-bromopropane (2-BP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and butylparaben (BP). To assess the estrogenicity of NP, the result of the in vitro recombinant yeast assay was compared with an E-screen assay using MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and an uterotrophid assay using ovariectomized mice. In the YER yeast cells, E2, NP, BPA, GEN, and BP exhibited estrogenicity in a doseresponse manner, while TCDD did not. All the chemicals tested, except T, did not show androgenicity in the YAR yeast cell. The sensitivity of the yeast (YER) assay system to the estrogenic effect of NP was similar to that of the E-screen assay. NP was also estrogenic in the uterotrophic assay. However, in terms of convenience and costs, the yeast assay was superior to the E-screen assay or uterotrophic assay. These results suggest that the recombinant yeast assay can be used as a rapid tool for detecting chemicals with hormonal activities.